(a) (i) An agonist is a drug that mimics a natural messenger and activates the associated receptor for that messenger. Nicotine is an agonist for the acetylcholine receptor. (ii) A competitive antagonist is an antagonist whose degree of antagonism is directly linked to the relative concentrations of the agonist and the antagonist. This indicates that both agonist and antagonist bind to the same site on the receptor or that the antagonist directly interferes with the binding of the agonist. This is a dose response curve illustrates the response to a competitive antagonist alone This is dose response curve of a competitive antagonist in the presence of an agonist (iii)A non-competitive antagonist is an antagonist whose action on the receptor is independent of the concentration of the agonist. This is because they bind at different sites in the receptor. This is a dose response curve for a non-competitive antagonist alone This is a dose response curve for a non-competitive antagonist in the presence of an agonist (b) Chemical Enhancers A variety of chemical additives have been investigated to enhance the penetration of transdermal delivery. These can be classified as solvents, surfactants, fatty acids/esters, and terpenes. These additives increase skin permeability by various mechanisms including increasing solubility and by creating an easier path through the stratum corneum. Iontopheresis Iontopheresis is a small electric field of low current which is applied to the skin at the area of drug application. The mechanism of this application is thought to be either electrophoresis or electrosmosis. This method has been shown to increase the penetration of the drug by orders of magnitude a... ... middle of paper ... ...eceptor occupancy reaches saturation. Compound C reaches a relatively lower response value of 40%, which is a typical result of a partial agonist. (iii) The statement cannot be proven with the information shown on the plot as compounds A and B are not being tested for affinity. (iv) The statement is partially correct. The response of compound A is 100% at very low concentrations which means it produces a maximal response; however this is not linked to receptor occupancy. We have no information about the occupancy/response relationship and full occupancy at all concentrations is impossible. Works Cited Lane, D. P. and P. M. Fischer. "Turning the key on p53." Nature 427.6977 (2004): 789-90. Prausnitz, M.R., Mitragotri, S. and Langer, R. (2004), ‘Current status and future potential of transdermal drug delivery’, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 3, pp.115–124.
All things considered, competition can be either benevolent or unacceptable. Being competitive in most activities or events is not always appropriate, and in some cases, competition could bring up negative feelings if not everybody was treated the same or
Measurement of Ki of a competitive inhibitor (lactose)- For the third part of the experiment, three duplicates of 11 test tubes were set up exactly as in the previous step. The first duplicate was series A while the second duplicate was series B and the last one was series C. Series A did not contained any inhibitors so additional water was added to each tube. Series B contained the 50mM lactose while series C contained the 150mM lactose. The amounts of buffer, ONPG, and water added to each tube in each series are listed in detailed in tables 4, 6, and 8. The Lineweaver- Burk plot of each series was created using the same steps used in the second part of the experiment. Then, the obtained line equation from each plot was used to calculate
...eases, including temperature. It is determined from the data that the reaction is more likely to have a step wise mechanism than a concerted due to the small – ΔS and a relatively large value of ΔH from the tables. Due to some errors, it is best to perform another experiment for future protocols. In addition with the variance the 35°C where at one point the absorbance levels off and then increases. In comparison to the rate constant against temperatures, at 25°C it is higher than 35 and 45. More test is required to ensure proper determination of the rate constant at those temperatures.
1) I believe that my theoretical curves don’t really match like figure 4 but then again it somewhat does. My immigration curve and extinction curve do hit each other once, but not like in figure 4 where they hit each other twice. Also my extinction curve is going up like in figure 4 and my immigration curve is going down just like in figure 4. So I guess you could say that my curves represent the curves on figure 4.
When something changes in the inner environment it sends information to the receptor. The receptor sends information to the control center and then the control center sends instructions to the effector once the information is received from the control center it proceeds to either oppose or increase the stimulus. This process is designed to repeatedly work at restoring or maintaining homeostasis.
B has increased by one fifth of what Test tube A is and Test tube C
Neurotransmitters are 'chemical messengers that carry signals between neurons in the body' (Cherry K, 2014). They are released after an action potential has reached the pre-synaptic terminal. The neurotransmitter then crosses the synaptic gap to reach the receptor site of the post-synaptic neuron. Reuptake of the neurotransmitter is when it attaches to the receptor site and is reabsorbed by the neuron so it can be used again to pass along another action potential. They can be categorised as one of six types: acetylcholine, amino acids, neuropeptides such as endorphins, monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine, purines and lipids and gases (Cherry K, 2014).
related amino acids are the dominant form of excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of
Thought to be an oncogene, a gene that has potential in transforming normal cells into tumor cells, p53 was regarded as the most prominent tumor suppressor gene [1]. P53 is a gene which signals apoptosis (programmed cell death) if a cell cannot be repaired due to an extensive amount of damage. As stated in the textbook, p53 regulation occurs by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase known as MDM2 [1]. "Controlling the controller" is a statement that describes the molecular interaction where the presence of MDM2 targets the p53 for proteosome via degradation. With three main checkpoints in cell cycle, the literature states p53 functioning from G1 into S phase in a chaotic cell [2]. The normal state of cells is to keep p53 levels low in order to prevent uncontrolled apoptosis and random cell cycle arrest from occurring. In a further note, although p53 promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, cancer may result from p53 unable to recognize the problematic site. In turn, a mutation in p53 may result engaging in new activities. These activities include cellular transformation, tumor metastasis,...
Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic nerves (e.g., those innervating the heart and blood vessels) and, within the brain, those of the locus coe...
Due to the nature of amino acids, a titration curve can be employed to identify
Random and systematic errors are both factors that can affect the reliability and accuracy of the results respectively. As all the graphs contained outliers, and hence, scatter, this indicates that random errors were present. Such errors may result from the inconsistent masses of the Alka Seltzer tablets. As these tablets were cut manually with a knife, it is unlikely that the mass of each half of an Alka Seltzer tablet would be the same. Thus, when using the tablets to react with HCl, the true number of tablets reacting would have not been the same as the number denoted for the trial, and with each repeated trial for the same number of tablets reacting, the reacting mass and ratio would have not been inconsistent. Consequently, the
The ability to become reflective in practice has become a necessary skill for health professionals. This is to ensure that health professionals are continuing with their daily learning and improving their practice. Reflective practice plays a big part in healthcare today and is becoming increasingly noticed.
Cinnamic is an organic compound that slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Cinnamic acid is used in flavors and certain pharmaceuticals. According to vernier.com, the inhibitor type of Cinnamic Acid was non-competitive inhibitor (#4 vernier.com). In order to observed and analyze the effects of changing mushroom Tyrosinase and L-dopa concentrations on reaction rates, and to figure out what type inhibitor of Cinnamic acid, we was used the data to construct the Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver- Burk plots. The Michaelis-Menten is the common known models of enzyme kinetic. The model demonstrates how the reaction rate relates to the concentration of substrate and enzyme. The rate equation of these enzymes is characterized by a sigmoidal curve. Using this graph we can determine the Km and Vmax. The Vmax is the maximum velocity achieved at the maximum substrate concentration. Km represents the Michaelis-Menten constant. It is the substrate concentration at which the reaction velocity is ½ Vmax. At this concentration, half of the enzyme molecule in solution is bounded to the substrate (#5 chemwiki.ucdavis.edu). The Lineweaver-Burk plot is the graph obtained by taking the reciprocal of the Michaelis-Menten Kinetics equation, which give you a linear line (#5 chemwiki.ucdavis.edu). The linear data is easier to read and
The titration of a weak acid with a strong base produces a titration curve as above.