Drug is a chemical which alters the processes in the organism, which is used in the medicine for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases (Farlex, 2011). Drug discovery is a long term process that needs money investment. The process of drug investigation takes approximately from 9 to 15 years during which the number of chemicals that can become drug is reduced from 10,000 to 1-2 (Saparov, 2011). Even after manufacturing the drug is studied by scientists for modifying its structure, delivery and effects on the organism. Drug discovery consists of several stages which help to examine its effectiveness and side effects.
Pre-discovery process is the first stage of drug discovery. During Pre-discovery stage chemists and pharmacologists endeavor to understand and identify the factors which can play a significant role in the particular disease. After revealing the cause of disease or understanding it a target molecule against which drug will act is being chosen. In order to understand the structure the target molecule is eliminated, isolated and its various interactions are inquired. Understanding interactions of the molecule can be helpful in finding treatment of a specific disease. Next stage includes the demonstration that the chosen molecule is relevant to the disease and proof that the drug target is associated with a desired change in the behavior of diseased cells (PPD, 2011).
The second stage of the discovery process is a drug discovery itself. Its main goal is to find a lead compound. Lead molecule is a promising compound that has a potential to become drug. There are several ways to find the lead compound, they include nature, de novo, high- throughput screening and biotechnological methods. For many centuries drug...
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...d time. It consists of pre-discovery and discovery, development, clinical trials and manufacturing processes. During each step potential drugs are modified and side effects are reduced, even after manufacturing the drugs are monitored and periodically conditions of patients are reported to FDA. An investment of money by pharmaceutical company is a huge risk since sometimes drugs are very hazardous. Therefore, they cannot be used and the process begins again.
References
1. Dr. Saparov, A. (2011). Drug Discovery. Power point presentation.
2. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. (2007). Drug Discovery and Development. Retrieved from: http://www.phrma.org/sites/default/files/159/rd_brochure_022307.pdf
3. Campbell, N. A. & J. B. Reece, 8th eds. (2008). Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
The analysis is therefore one of the most effective methods of ensuring that each drug being prescribed to patients is safe. It also ensures that all drug components are understood in terms of their structure and chemical behavior. This understanding is very important in the manufacture of drugs and other pharmaceutical products.
This paper discusses pharmacology and terminology related to “Pharmacology” which is the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs“ pharmacology. 2015. In Merriam-Webster.com. The study of different classes of drugs, routes of absorption, and drugs have effects on those consuming them. There are drugs that are necessary for illnesses and healing but, there are medicines that cause concern regarding interaction and harming the body.
3 Leicht B. G., McAllister B.F. 2014. Foundations of Biology 1411, 2nd edition. Southlake, TX: Fountainhead Press. Pp 137, 163-168, 177-180,
It is also interesting to know just how many medical breakthroughs came about by accident. It allows people to realize that, although it should be handled with the utmost care, cut of the edge research is not always cut and dry. This book teaches that it takes true intellect to take what seems like a failure or an accident and instead of abandoning it, reflecting on what has truly happened. Students as well as current researchers should read, study, and take inspiration from this book. It has a lot to teach other than simply the surface of the history of the discoveries it
Thewessen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M., Roe, L. J. & Hussain, S. T. Nature 413, 277-281.
Why do consumers purchase specific drugs for various ailments, sicknesses or diseases they might have? Why do physicians prescribe certain drugs over competitive drugs that may be available to the public? Why is it that most of us can easily name specific drugs that fit the many ailments of today’s society? On the surface the answer might be as simple as good TV advertising or radio commercials or even internet adds. The truth of matter is the major pharmaceutical manufacturers own the patents on these drugs and this gives them all of the marketing budget and muscle they need to promote the drug and control the pricing. The incentives for larger pharmaceutical companies are very enticing and as a result, they don’t mind spending the time in clinical trials and patent courts to get their drugs approved. Some will even get patents on the process by which the drug is manufactured, ensuring that no competitor can steal the drug or the process. This protects their large financial investment and nearly guarantees a large return for their investors. Many consumer rights groups claim this is nothing more than legalizing monopolies for the biggest manufacturers.
Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald Audesirk, and Bruce E. Byers. Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2011. 268-69. Print.
In 1938 amongst a team of scientist working for Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basil, Switzerland was University of Zurich graduate, Dr. Albert Hoffman. Hoffman was working in a chemical research laboratory at a time when pharmaceutical companies were deeply...
For a drug to get to market it must go through several stages of research and development (Abbott and Vernon). Starting with discovery research, preclinical testing on animals, three phases of clinical trials on humans, and finally FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approval (Abbott and Vernon). Out of several thousands of drugs only a few will make it to the FDA approval stage (Abbott and Vernon). Testing is a highly regulated, time consuming, and expensive process. From beginning to end the process can take fifteen years and less than one of five compounds will make it to market where it is still not guaranteed to succeed (Abbott and
Imagine having a headache and not having aspirin to take, or being diabetic and not being able to take certain types of insulin (Williams 3). It seems impossible that these drugs could be unavailable to humans, but they would not be attainable had scientists not tested these drugs on non-animal subjects. Contrary to what many people believe, testing drugs on animals often give defective results. “More than 205,000 new drugs are marketed worldwide every year, most undergo the most archaic and unreliable testing methods still in use: animal studies” (PETA 1). Although animals may seem the like ideal specimens for testing new drugs, the experiments are untrustworthy and can cause unknown side effects.
a drug gets the CDER approval, the drug is on the market as soon as the firm gets its production
... The Web. 4 Feb. 2014. Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology.
middle of paper ... ... World Book Inc, 2000. Davis, Lloyd S. and John T Darby. Penguin Biology. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., 1990.
Pharmacology is the science of drugs (from Greek pharmakos which means medicine or drug; and logos which means study). In actual use, it's meaning is limited to the study of how drugs and other substances affect our bodies. It has been defined as an experimental science which studies how substances that have entered our bodies affect our organism. The main tasks of pharmacologists are screening for desired activity, determining mode of action, and quantifying drug activity when chemical methods are not available.[1]