In discussing otitis externa, the diagnosis can be explained by misdiagnosis. Some patients are diabetic immunocompromised with severe pain in the ear should have necrotizing OE excluded by an otolaryngologist. Otitis externa is an inflammation or infection of the external auditory canal, the auricle, or both. It is a common disease that can be found in all age groups. OE usually represents an acute bacterial infection of the skin of the ear canal (most commonly attributable to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or staphylococcus aureus, but can also be caused by other bacteria, viruses, or a fungal infection. Several factors can contribute EAC infection and development of OE, include the following, absence of cerumen, high humidity, retained water in ear canal, increase temperature, local trauma. Although OE rarely causes prolonged problems or serious complications, the infection is responsible for significant pain and acute morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy cure the majority of cases without complications, however, patients who are diabetic, immunocompromised, or untreated may develop necrotizing OE, a potentially life-threatening. (Medscape 2014).
Primary treatment of otitis externa involves management of pain, removal of debris from the external auditory canal, administration of topical medications to control edema and infections, and avoidance of contributing factors. Most cases can be treated with over-the-counter analgesics and topical eardrops. Commonly used eardrops include acetic acid drops, which change the pH of the ear canal, antibacterial drops, which control bacterial growth, and antifungal preparations. In severe cases, oral or intravenous antibiotic therapy and narcotic analgesics may be requi...
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...ludes weight management and regular activity is the primary advice. Type 2 diabetes will be first managed with a drug call Metformin after checking that lifestyle changes alone are ineffective in controlling blood sugar. Other methods are patients are advised to regularly monitor their blood glucose to prevent fluctuations. They need to take extra precautions like attend check-ups, regular eye checks, adequate foot care, wear a medi-alert bracelet and have some sugar available at hand for emergency low blood sugar or hypoglycaemia episodes.
References
Otitis Externa. Retrieved on January 28, 2014. . From the website
www.emedicine.medscape.com
News-Medical.net Retrieved on January 28, 2014. From the website
www.News-Medical.Net
CDC Arthritis. Retrieved on January 28, 2014. From the website
www.cdcthearthritischallenge-rheumaticarthritis
Acute paronychia is most commonly caused by a direct or indirect trauma of the cuticle. Such trauma may be minor and result from usual procedures, such as dishwashing, an injury from a splinter or thorn, onychophagia (nail biting), finger sucking, biting or picking at a hangnail, an ingrown nail, artificial nail application, manicure procedures, or other nail manipulation. This kind of trauma enables bacterial inoculation of the nail and consequential infection, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common pathogen, although Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas or Proteus may also cause paronychia. Other anaerobic gram-negative bacteria may also be involved, in case the trauma is exposed to oral flora. Except from bacterial infection, acute paronychia may also occur as a manifestation of other disorders affecting the extremities, such as pemphigus vulgaris.
Cholesteatoma is a growth of excess skin or a skin cyst (epithelial cyst) that contains desquamated keratin and grows in the middle ear and mastoid (Thio, Ahmed, & Bickerton, 2005). A cholesteatoma can grow and spread, destroying the ossicles, tympanic membrane and other parts of the ear. They appear on the pars flaccida and pars tensa sections of the tympanic membrane. A cholesteatoma can occur when a part of a perforated tympanic membrane is pushed back into the middle ear space, debris and skin cells can build up forming a growth. It can obstruct tympanic membrane movement and movement of the ossicles. As the layers grow, the amount of hearing loss can increase. A cholesteatoma can be congenital (present at birth) or be acquired as a result of another disease. They can also be formed as a result of a surgery, trauma, chronic ear infection, chronic otitis media, or tympanic membrane perforation. It can develop beyond the tympanic membrane and cause intracranial and extracranial complications. Due to this patients can experience permanent hearing loss as a result of an infection of the inner ear as well as other serious health concerns. These include dizziness, facial nerve weakness and infections of the skull (Hall, 2013). Patients may present chronically discharging ear, hearing loss, dizziness, otalgia (ear pain), and perforations (marginal or attic).
Type 2 Diabetes cannot be cured, therefore leading to the treatments only being able to control it and not cure it. One treatment that is available for Type 2 Diabetes patients is medication, this medication is a drug in tablet form called Metformin. This drug is prescribed by an individuals GP/doctor either in a hospital or a GP surgery, it will be put on prescription for the patient at least every month. The drug helps
”Otitis externa may also be caused by dermatologic conditions, such as psoriasis or seborrhea, certain traumas to the ear canal or continuous use of earplugs and earphones. Anything that can obstruct the ear passage and used continuously over time, may cause otitis externa. Persons that working in environments where they constantly use earplugs or if you sleep with earplugs; this could create a problem and otitis externa is developed. Earphones are another factor that affects the ear and causes otitis externa infection. This is another object that is constantly in the ear; causing it to not get proper air.
The care plan is composed of the right food, exercise and medication (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). The person needs to know what type of foods affects their blood sugar levels and most of the time the patient is sent to a nutritionist to follow a diabetic diet. The patient needs to keep track of a food log to discuss later with the doctor or nurse on the next appointment (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). An exercise regimen also helps to keep the sugar levels balanced. It is important to keep an exercise schedule that will help the person to keep an exercise routine in accord with the medications and meals. It is very important to stay dehydrated and to keep track of the blood sugar levels (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). The medications are to lower the blood sugar levels. It is very important to store the insulin properly, check the expiration date and double check the dose before administration. The person will need to report to the doctor if the blood sugar gets too low or still high, because the doctor might need to adjust the dosage or timing. Also, it is important for the doctor to know if the person is taking medications for other conditions, because that will help the doctor to prescribe the correct medication for the person (Mayo Clinic Staff,
Otitis Externa or swimmer's ear as it's commonly known, is an acute painful inflammatory disorder of the ear canal. This condition is characterized by a rapid onset of an external ear canal infection, that may extend distally to the pinna and proximal to the tympanic membrane resulting in otalgia, itching, canal edema, erythema, and otorrhea that often occurs after swimming or a minor trauma from inadequate cleaning. This form of ear bacterial infection is often caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus pathogens and can affect individual of all ages (Schaefer, & Baugh,
There are different categories of otosclerosis. "Subclinical Otosclerosis" occurs when the tissue does not interfere with the ossicles. A person may have this form for many years and not know it. Another category is "Clinical Otosclerosis." This type can be present in the teen years, but not detected until the young adult years. It is rare for it to occur after the age of fifty. The last category of"Histologic Otosclerosis" occurs when the tissue is present, but it may or may not cause hearing loss. "Cochlear Otosclerosis" has been used to refer to sensorineural hearing loss. This is caused by abnormal blood flow to the middle ear, rather than growth of tissue (Otosclerosis, 1998).
Otitis Media with Effusion (OME) can be defined as, “The presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute ear infection” (Pediatrics, 2004). It can be said that OME is an invisible disorder, as there are no immediate signs or symptoms of an acute ear infection such as ear pain, fever, or displeasure (Williamson, 2007). However, OME can have very significant consequences in the life of a child. Early identification and monitoring of OME can combat against possible speech and language delays, as well as protecting against further structural damage to the middle ear. From a diagnostic standpoint, OME must be differentiated from Acute Otitis Media (AOM), as the appropriate treatment will depend on if a child is suffering from OME versus AOM. Acute Otitis Media can be separated from OME by the following diagnostic criterion: acute signs and symptoms; existence of middle ear effusion; or signs and symptoms of inflammation of the middle-ear space (Pediatrics, 2004). These symptoms will not be seen in cases of OME.
The American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO-HNSF) published the first clinical practice guideline in 2006 on acute otitis externa (AOE) with seven major statements. The guideline was designed to assist providers by providing an evidence-based framework for decision-making strategies. The AAO-HNSF made a strong recommendation that management of AOE should include an assessment of pain, and the provider should prescribe analgesic treatment based on the severity of pain. The provide should: 1) distinguish diffuse AOE from other causes of otalgia, otorrhea, and inflammation of the ear canal; 2) assess the patient with diffuse AOE for factors that modify management (nonintact tympanic membrane, tympanostomy tube,
There is no specific treatment for diabetes. When the doctor diagnoses diabetes he or she will want to lower the blood sugar level and prohibit problems with the disorder. Especially for type 2, the doctor will want to lower the body's resistance to insulin. Involved in the treatment program is weight loss, diet, exercise and prescribed medication. Patients must check their blood glucose levels several times a day by using a glucose meter that measures glucose level with only one drop of blood. The program for every patient is different, designed for the specific patient.
. Usually a diabetic patient is placed with a diabetic health care team that may help with, physical activity, oral medication or insulin injections. Ways to treat diabetes include having a meal eating plan, it is important to have a special diet with high fiber and low-fats foods such as fruits vegetable and whole grains. A register dietician can help put a meal plan that fits healthy goal and also teach a diabetic how to monitor a carbohydrate intake. Physical activity is another treatment for diabetes. Exercise and regular aerobic is good for someone especially for people with type 2 diabetes. There is combination of exercise, such as walking or dancing weight lifting or yoga three times a week often help control blood sugars. This exercise helps with lowering blood sugar. Metformin diabetic medication is prescribed for people with type 2. Metformin lowers glucose production in the liver. If metformin is not enough to control blood sugar, other oral medication meds and injection medication can also
If your infection doesn't respond to treatment, your specialist might take a discharge sample or debris from your ear at a later appointment and send it to a lab to determine the exact cause of infection.
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than usual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is produced, but is not adequate in lowering blood glucose levels or there is resistance to the insulin (Edwards, 2007, p. 9). Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, foot and leg amputations, and new cases of blindness in the United States (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1465-66). People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin to manage their glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes are usually prescribed oral medications such as sulfonylurea agents, meglitinide analogues, or biguanides to help control their glucose levels. Twenty to 30% of people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy as well (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1471). In addition to medication therapy, diet and weight control can help manage both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because diabetes mellitus can cause such severe complications, it is important that people with diabetes understand the importance of certain health and lifestyle choices, such as their diet and weight to manage their disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus should pay special attention to the amount of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and minerals that are included in their diet. Monitoring these components of their diet, along with weight management, can help control their diabetes mellitus.
Treatments for Type-1 diabetes are taking insulin to help increase your glucose levels (blood sugar), eating healthy, maintaining healthy weight, and monitoring daily your levels. Type-2 treatments include mos...
Its efficacy in treating odontogenic infections is comparable to Penicillins . It has been used successfully to treat patients when therapy with other agents has failed . Several studies have demonstrated clindamycin's efficacy in preventing dry socket. Clindamycin's broad spectrum of coverage with excellent clinical efficacy, has prompted some standard drug guides to Antimicrobial Therapy to replace penicillin V with clindamycin as the drug of choice in treating odontogenic infections.28 . The American Heart Association recommends clindamycin, rather than erythromycin, to penicillin-allergic patients requiring endocarditis