DISCUSSION ABOUT STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS;
Statistical analysis two independent sample tests compare the mean of the randomised case-control group. To find the significant difference between the two groups, data collections are mean value, so t test is the suitable test to compare the mean value of the two groups in normal distributed data (Menz, 2004). Result of the t test shows body mass index significant p value .005 less than .05 and the mean value of the BMI in case group greater than control group. The null hypothesis rejected, there is a significant difference in the two groups in body mass index.
Foot posture index shows p value .004 less than .05 and again the mean value of FPI in case group higher than the control group. In this case also null hypotheses are rejected and show the significant difference between two groups. Two independent sample t tests shows greater significant difference, it states that two group as difference in the body mass and foot mass index. This supports the hypotheses being tested by the researcher. Participants with chronic plantar heel pain case group should differ from the control group in obesity and pronated foot to support that, these two factors may be the risk factor for chronic plantar heel pain.
Standing heel raise test shows p value .050 greater than .05 the null hypothesis is accepted and there is no significant difference between the two groups regarding this test and shows the negativity of the hypothesis being tested .Standing heel test indicates the endurance of the calf muscle, the test result shows that there is no difference in the calf muscle strength between the two groups. Researches as taken data based on the limb affected more by pain but in the outcome meas...
... middle of paper ...
...te the foot is pronated. Author justifies that pronated foot will increase the dorsiflexion.Thereis no linear relation found between the ankle dorsiflexion and the chronic heel pain. This correlates the foot posture and the dorsiflexion range of motion, but in the chi-square test it shows the independence of the two variables. Previous study as found the association between the ankle dorsiflexion and strain on the plantar fascia, author determines research requires finding association of the increase in translation of the tibia straining the plantar fascia.
Randomised case control study cannot be taken as a causation, authors explains that accuracy in the case analyse was low as more variables could be included. Authors suggest further research to determine the other hypothesed causative factors for case accuracy. Author had no competing interest.
.
Sussmilch-Leitch, S. P., Collins, N., Bialocerkowski, A. E., Warden, S. J., & Crossley, K. M. (2012). Physical therapies for achilles tendinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research , 1-16.
...cated foot orthoses on pain and function in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a cohort study. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2011;12:70-75
Murray H, Husk L. (2001) Effect of kinesio taping on proprioception in the ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 31; A-37.
Plantar fasciitis is caused from muscles and ligaments that alter the calcaneous (the big bone on hill of foot) (Daniels and Morrell 2012). The alteration of these muscles and ligaments will inflict pain and discomfort on the patient, and if not treated will cause failure of ligaments, bones, and muscles. The patient was tested with a simple squat technique that showed his heels were coming off the ground (Daniels and M...
Clubfoot is a common congenital deformity of one or both feet. Clubfoot can sometimes be identified during fetal ultrasound or by visual inspection at birth. Physiotherapist Kelly Gray and Doctor Paul Gibbons describe clubfoot (Australian Family Practice (AFP), 2012) as “a deformity characterized by structural equinus (pointing down), adductus (turning in), varus (twisting, such that the heel is pointing in or upward), and cavus (high arch)” (p. 299). Skeletal abnormalities of clubfoot can include small calcaneus, navicular, and talus bones and a misshapen subtalar joint (Clubfoot, 2011). According to the Mayo Clinic (2013) the calf muscle of the affected leg is usually smaller than the non-affected leg, and the affected foot can be ½ inch shorter than the non-affected foot.
DOI: 4/24/2013. This is a case of a 59-year-old female customer service representative who sustained injury to her left ankle when she got up after her foot “fell asleep”. As per OMNI notes, patient underwent ligament reconstruction with Brostrom repair on 1/16/2014 and left knee arthroscopy on 10/8/2014. As per office notes dated 6/21/16, the patient returns for interval followup visit. The patient has been working more and is explaining to me that she is having exacerbation of symptoms. The patient admits to increasing neuropathic pain secondary to complex regional pain syndrome. It was mention that the patient has been on Topamax and tramadol which allow the patient to get some improvement. She admits 40% improvement in the pain and she also
Cotchett, M. P., Munteanu, S. E., & Landorf, K. B. compares the effectiveness of trigger point dry needling and sham dry needling in patients with plantar heel pain. They stated that plantar heel pain is not only a common source of pain but also a common source of disability. Within this study, there were 198 patients screened to participated, and of those individuals, 84 were enrolled. Being able to see the effectiveness of dry needling is important because dry needling is a great source for pain management. The participants were randomly split into two groups, a control (sham dry needling) and experiment group (real dry needling). They took measurements for the primary outcome (first-step pain, foot pain) at baseline, 2,4,6 and 12 weeks.
...ses. Comparisons among AS patients with symptom of arthritis, symptom of fatigue, occiput to wall distance, chest expansion, Schober test, finger to ground distance, ESR and CRP with BASDAI, BASFI and BASG was evaluated with Pearson correlation. Significant was set at p<0.05. for validity the Thai version instrument, and used Cronback’s alpha for internal consistency and a minimum of 0.70 was usually required as an acceptable level of agreement.
There are many factors that lead to foot and leg pain or injury especially in the movement of the foot within everyday activities like walking. Excessive pressure, poor foot care, and infection like virus or bacteria can also contribute to foot disorder. Foot problems can effect people regardless of age. Podiatrist can evaluate and analysis/diagnose foot and leg abnormalities by using variety equipment. Treatment can range from prescription medication or correction footwear to surgery. Common foot ailments are:
The footbed is molded for maximum comfort. When you have conditions like Plantar Fasciitis, heel spurs, or neuropathy, you have to be careful about the types of shoes you wear. RYKA customers have specifically mentioned how much the shoes have helped their foot pain and issues. You don't want to give up walking because you have foot pain, but walking can be painful and almost impossible with some conditions.
A number of poor health outcomes including hospitalization, falls, nursing home placement, mobility disability and mortality are associated with a declined gait speed (Graham, Ostic, Fisher, & Ottenbacher, 2008). There is considerable variation in gait speed testing procedures including pace, protocol and distance however, all versions of these short, distance-based walk tests have high (>0.90) test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities (Graham et al., 2008). Kim, Park, Lee, and Lee (2016) reported that the validity of gait speed with normal pace was higher compared with maximal pace against physical function. Lower extremity function is reflected in short, distance-based assessments while longer, time-based walks (e.g. the 6-minute walk) are measures of fitness rather than functional performance (Graham et al.,
When extending the great toe there may be pain along the plantar fascia (stretch test) indicate plantar fasciitis (Riddle, 2003). There are a number of presumable diagnoses that need to be understood in order to determine the cause of the heel pain. Such as, Arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter’s syndrome can cause heel pain. Calcaneal stress fracture is usually associated with prolong or significant activities. Fat pad syndrome is pain in the center of the heel and associated with barefoot activity. Tarsal tunnel syndrome presents a history of pain and parenthesis to the medial aspect of the heel and is due to the compression of the posterior tibia nerve under the lancinate ligament in the medial aspect of the ankle. Bursitis causes symptoms similar to plantar fasciitis. Posterior calcaneal bursitis gives pain in the posterior superior aspect of the heel. Calcaneal osteomyelitis is throbbing pain, night pain and diagnosed on blood test, radiographs or MRI. Tumor may cause heel pain, but they are rare and associated with night pain. Also structural risk factors include pes planus, over pronation, pes cavus, excessive lateral tibia torsion, leg-length discrepancy, and excessive femoral anteversion can cause Plantar fasciitis, Differentiating the different diagnosis in heel pain can be very
Research Plan:The authors conducted an experiment to determine if wearing shoes affect the way a runner lands on his foot. Three types of foot strikes were studied, each having a different amount of collision impact when it strikes the ground. One type of foot strike is "a rear-foot strike (RFS), in which the heel lands first"(Lieberman, Venkadesan, Werbel, Daod, D'Andrea, Davis, Mang'Eni, & Pitsiladis, 2010). (Lieberman et al., 2010). Because the foot lands on the heel, all the pressure also goes to the heel. A "fore-foot strike occurs when the ball of the foot lands before the heel comes down" (Lieberman et al., 2010). This type of foot strike causes the least of amount of impact and is therefore considered the safest. A "mid-foot strike (MFS), in which the heel and ball of the foot land simultaneously" (Lieberman et al., 2010). This type of foot strike is equalizes the pressure throughout the foot. The study conducted suggested barefoot running is better than running with shoes because runners who run barefoot generally use a FFS, reducing the pain and pressure of the foot when it collides with the ground. The front foot strike is beneficial because it "avoids heel strike" (Saremi, 2012) which could be beneficial. The scientists involved in the study were by Daniel E. Lieberman, Madhusudhan Venkadesan, William A. Werbel, Adam I. Daoud, Susan D’Andrea, Irene S. Davis, Robert Ojiambo Mang’Eni, and Yannis Pitsiladis. To carry out the experiment, runners were asked to run on a track at speeds of a comfortable endurance pace. Runners were placed in five groups. Groups included were contained habitually shod runners from the United States of America, runners from the Rift Valley Province in Kenya, US runners who switched to going bar...
Posture is assessed to detect the possibility of any weaknesses, muscle imbalances, dysfunctional movement and neuromuscular control and coordination that could potentially lead to injury. A well-balanced, ideal alignment provides one with greater energy levels, a slenderised figure, correct joint positioning, greater range of joint mobility, optimal flexibility, strength, coordination, body cirulation and most importantly, prevention of technique-related injuries. To test ones dynamic alignment, main areas to be examined are the feet and ankles, pelvis girdle and the thoraci...
is based on a real school. As the data has been collected for me, it