Difference between the types of memory
There are 4 main types of memory and they are as follows, sensory memory, short term memory, working memory , and long-term memory. Sensory memory relates to the ability for our brain to retain memories of what our sensory receptors received after the initial stimulus has already passed. Short term memory relates to the ability to, “hold a limited amount of information in a very accessible state temporarily”, (Cowan 2008) this gives us the ability to turn our sensory memory into short snippets of memory which we can readily recall, but only for a short amount of time. The third type of memory is working memory which is somewhat of an overlap with short term memory though it pulls from other resources and allows for a greater use of cognitive capabilities. Working memory is paired with these cognitive functions in order to plan actions, for example when your grocery shopping and you forget to write down a list working memory would be not only you remembering which items you originally had on the list but also which ones you crossed off the list when you bought each item. So that ticking off of each item in your head refers to the planning aspect of working memory that short term memory fails to fully encompass. The last form of memory is long term memory this is the memory that we store for long periods of time and these memories usually are either stored here due to repetition or due to some sort of emotional attachment that allows a memory to more vigorously imprint in our minds.
Ubiquitin-proteasome System and a renewed look at the importance of PKA and CaMKII in long term memory development.
For many years it was thought that PKA or Protein Kinase A and Calcium-calmodulin-dpendant-...
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...ase A, Regulates Rpt6 Phosphorylation and Proteosome Activity during the Formation of Long-term Memories." Front Behav Neurosci 7 (2013): 115. Web.
Jarome, Timothy J., Craig T. Werner, Janine L. Kwapis, and Fred J. Helmstetter. "Activity Dependant Protein Is Critical for the Formation and Stability of Fear Memory in the Amygdala." PlOS One 6.9 (2011): n. pag. Web.
Raymond P. Kesner, Michael R. Hunsaker, The temporal attributes of episodic memory, Behavioural Brain Research, Volume 215, Issue 2, 31 December 2010, Pages 299-309
Jennifer Hoge, Raymond P. Kesner, Role of CA3 and CA1 subregions of the dorsal hippocampus on temporal processing of objects, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Volume 88, Issue 2, September 2007, Pages 225-231, ISSN 1074-7427, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2007.04.013.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742707000639)
Min, K. J., Hyun, K. D., Lee, Y., Jin, P. S., & Hoon, R. J. (2014). Distinct roles of the hippocampus
What this suggests is that activating a population of hippocampus neurons that may have previously had memory traces stored, is enough for a memory to be recalled (Liu et al, 2012). The development of optogenetics has provided great insight into fear memory recall, nevertheless, more research into further testing if different types of memories can be recalled through optogenetics. By exploring this possibility, this may help amnesia patients in recalling lost memories. The function of the hippocampus is crucial for LTM consolidation and with recollection and familiarity, however recent research in mice and recent development in optogenetics has enhanced a new understanding between hippocampus and fear memory recall.
According to these two cases, these inspire us to understand that the hippocampus is an important brain region that is used for converting short-term memory into long-term memory.
...as long term potentiation have different roles in fear conditioning. Hippocampal LTP is responsible for assembling and consolidating context into the hippocampus. The context then becomes associated with the US in the amygdala. Finally, the amygdala plays an important role in constructing and storing CS-US association during fear conditioning (Maren, 2001). Studying these mechanism will prove to be valuable in understanding the synaptic plasticity in other learning and memory systems. It is also possible to use fear conditioning as a model for fear disturbances disorders. Researching fear conditioning at the intracellular level, such as the role of glutamate receptors, provides a foundation in understanding memory formation, as well as begin unraveling disorders that have fear as a component: anxiety, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Kim & Jung, 2006).
Memory is an important and active system that receives information. Memory is made up of three different stages sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. According to the power point presentation, sensory memory refers to short storage of memory that allows an individual to process information as it occurs. Short term memory refers to memory that is only available for a limited time. It is information that is held for seconds or sometimes even minutes. Long term memory refers to memory that is stored for a long period of time and it has an unlimited capacity with the ability to hold as much information as possible. Retrieval is key and it allows individuals to have memories. Episodic memory refers to memory for events that we
According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974) what constitutes as working memory can be divided into four distinct components which contribute to the processes of memory. They are the phonological loop, the visual spatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer and the central executive (in Passer, Smith, Holt, Bremner, Vliek, 2009).
Schacter, D. L., & Slotnik, S. D. (2004). The cognitive neuroscience of memory distortion. Neuron, 44, 149-160.
Alzheimer’s is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain and individuals with the disease suffer from many symptoms such as memory loss, agitation, impaired judgment, and difficulty communicating with others. The different lobes affected include the parietal lobe which deals with language, temporal lobe which deals with memory and frontal lobe which deals with behavior and judgment. The specific type of memory loss that an Alzheimer’s patient deals with is declarative memory. Declarative memory is remembrance of facts such as people’s names, what their faces look like and important dates from our past (Marieb and Hoehn 2013). The formation of these memories can only happen when the temporal lobe or more specifically the hippocampus are able to receive acetylcholine inputs. Patients with Alzheimer’s loose this input which prevents making new memories and remembering old ones (Marieb and Hoehn 2013).
Memory is a group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, and retrieving information (Hockenberry and Hocenberry page 232). I will be addressing two specific types of memory: short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory holds temporary information transferred from sensory memory or long-term memory. Sensory memory is the first stage of memory and obtains information for a brief amount of time. Short-term memory is also called active memory and is stored in the prefrontal cortex which is the most active part of the brain during an activity. Short-term memory can hold information for roughly twenty seconds, but sensory memory holds information for a shorter amount of time. We usually store things such
Making and storing memories is a complex process involving many regions of the brain. (3). Most experts agree that we have two stages of memories - short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory is the immediate memory we have when we first hear or perceive someth...
Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control process.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D, t., & Tulving, D. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness: Psychological Bulletin, 121, 331-354
The five types are Memory is classified by a few different characteristics. Declarative Memory is the memory of dates, historical facts, and telephone numbers (Silvia Cardoso). It is easier to build up Declarative Memory but can be easily forgotten as well. Procedural Memory is the memory/ability to drive a car, to play sports and tie shoes. This type of memory involves repetitive practices. The other of types of memory is Elaboration, Self Referent and Visual Imagery. Elaboration is known as memory associating with other information. Self Referent Memory is how it is made personally relevant. Then, there is Visual Imagery, which can be used in a few ways, one of which can be used to add richness to the material to be remembered.
Tulving, E. and Craik, F. (2000) The Oxford handbook of memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Long-term memory is how humans process in the present, recall information from the past, or think about the future. Without long-term memory one cannot remember past memories, today, or what we may plan to do in the future. On top of that, there is no learning without long-term memory and the progress that we see today in our fast pace driven world would not exist. This is why the study and understanding of long-term memory is important for further knowledge of human nature. The long-term memory itself takes in many different forms of information including images, sounds, and meaning. The orientation of memory encompasses three important stages and the first is encoding. Encoding takes places in different locations inside the brain and this