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Recommended: Diabetes mellitus type 1
According to the CDC, as of 2010 diabetes effects about 1% of the population aged 20 years or less in the United States, with 13,000 children under the age of 18 diagnosed with type one diabetes per year. In 2007 it was found that an average expenditure was $11,744 per year. This amount includes direct attributes to diabetes such as medical costs, as well as lost work days, restricted activity and disability related to diabetes. This amount is “approximately 2.3 times higher than what expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012).
Type one diabetes is the most common type of diabetes diagnosed in children and young adults. With this type of diabetes, the body destroys the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin is needed to transport glucose into the cells to use as an energy source. Because of the destruction of insulin cells, type one diabetes is insulin dependent, meaning insulin therapy is needed to treat the disease. Many of the common symptoms include: frequent urination, excessive thirst and hunger, extreme fatigue, blurry vision, weight loss, and slow healing of cuts and bruises (American Diabetes Association (ADA), 2013).
The clinical therapy of type one diabetes focuses on glycemic control, which can be is obtained through nutritional management, exercise and insulin therapy. The goal of insulin therapy is to maintain a normal blood glucose level which ranges from 60 to 100 mg/dL. To keep insulin therapy effective, the child and the parent must monitor the child’s blood glucose before and after meals, carbohydrates consumed must be counted, and exercise should be apart of the daily routine. Nutritional management is important “to provide adequat...
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...justment in mothers of young children with type 1 diabetes. (2009). Children's Health Care, doi: 10.1080/02739610902813229
Popp J, Robinson J, Britner P, Blank T. Parent Adaptation and Family Functioning in Relation to Narratives of Children With Chronic Illness. (2014). Journal Of Pediatric Nursing [serial online]. 2014;29(1):58-64. Available from: CINAHL with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 18, 2014.
Schmidt, C. A., Bernaix, L. W., Chiapetta, M., Carroll, E., & Beland, A. (n.d.). In hospital survival skills training for type 1 diabetes: Perceptions of children and parents. (2012). The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 37(2), 88-94.
Tsiouli, E., Alexopoulos, E. C., Stefanaki, C., Darviri, C., & Chrousos, G. P. (n.d.). Effects of diabetes-related family stress on glycemic control in young patients. (2013). Canadian Family Physician, 59, 143-149.
The main economic impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the cost. It is believed that that in 2012 the cost of type 1 diabetes mellitus was around 245 billion dollar. This included 176 billion dollars in direct medical cost and 69 billion dollars in reduced productivity. Researches estimated that about 15.5 million people currently live with diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes develops when the beta-cells are killed off by the immune system. This is because an inflammation is caused which the immune system fights off, ultimately destroying all/majority of beta cells. The role of the beta cells is to produce insulin within the pancreas. The beta cells are signalled when to release insulin’s to certain parts of the body. A person with type 1 diabetes is likely to have lost 70-80%1 of their beta-cells mass which is why they must manually inject insulin into themselves to maintain a healthy blood glucose level. When the blood glucose level falls (hypoglycaemia) you begin to lose energy.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is also referred to as insulin-dependent as the secretion of the hormone insulin by the pancreas is reduced to minor levels due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by immune system of the body. Therefore, Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition due to the fact that the body is harming the pancreas with antibodies so beta cells cannot make any insulin for bloodstream to take in glucose. The fact that the cells in the body cannot take in glucose means that it builds up in the blood and hyperglycaemia occurs. This abnormally high level of blood glucose is able to harm the nervous system, tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, heart and the eyes. Type 1 Diabetes is fatal when left untreated as it then causes heart disease, kidney disease, damage to the nerves, stroke and
Type 1 Diabetes formerly called juvenile onset diabetes occurs typically before the age of 20, but now at any age anyone can be diagnosed with type 1. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are usually thin, go to the bathroom a lot to urinate, and are always hungry. The cause of Type 1 Diabetes is that the pancreas, which is the organ that secretes insulin, is destroyed by auto antibodies, which is why people with Type 1 Diabetes always need insulin, either to be injected or through an insulin pump. When glucose cannot enter the cells, it builds up in the blood causing the body's cells to starve to death. People with type 1 diabetes mus...
Forsyth, K., Taylor, R., Kramer, J., Prior, S., Richie, L., Whitehead, J., Owen, C., & Melton, M.
According to the American Diabetes Association, 28.5 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with diabetes. Out of that number, there are 215,000 children under the age of 20 with the disease. About 1 out of every 400 children and adolescents have diabetes. Diabetes is broken down into Type 1 and Type 2. Diabetes is a chronic condition that will require treatment for the lifetime of the patient. For this paper I will explain the differences between the two and focus on the treatment of Type 1.There are several different ways to manage Type 1 Diabetes. Fine needle syringe, insulin pen or insulin pump. Should the insulin pump be a required form of treatment instead of the other two options? To answer this question, the basis for the research paper will be on how well the insulin pump regulates the blood sugar over the other 2 types of treatments.
Diabetes in a Classroom Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood, with a prevalence of 1.7 affected individuals per 1,000 people aged less than 20 years. In the US, 13,000 new cases are diagnosed annually in children. There are about 125,000 individuals less than 19 years of age with diabetes in the U.S. The majorities of these young people attend school and/or some type of day care and need knowledgeable staff to provide a safe school environment. Both parents and the health care team should work together to provide school systems and day care providers with the information necessary to allow children with diabetes to participate fully and safely in the school experience. The American Diabetes Association takes the position that children with diabetes should be allowed to make blood sugar checks at school. As legal precedent, they cite the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1973 (IDEA), and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibit discrimination in all schools and daycare centers except religious schools and facilities against children with disabilities, including diabetes. Any schools that accept federal funding must follow IDEA and Section 504 laws. The association encourages parents to use the laws to ensure that their kids can participate in all school activities while caring for their medical needs. Children with Diabetes suggests that it's the responsibility of the parents or student to let the school know he or she has diabetes, to provide documentation to that effect, to make a written request for accommodations, and to request a meeting to discuss a 504 plan or IEP. The American Diabetes Association recommends that your written...
Ottenberg, A. L., Wu, J. T., Poland, G. A., Jacobson, R. M., Koenig , B. A., & Tilburt, J. C.
Now that we have a general idea of how our body regulates sugar intake we can discuss exactly what diabetes is. It is a disease in which your body is unable to use glucose for energy, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. There are a few different types of diabetes. In some cases, a person’s body does not make insulin at all. Thus, there is no insulin to tell your cells to use the glucose for energy. This is called type 1 diabetes, or it was previously known as juvenile diabetes. Only 5 to 10% of diabetes cases are diagnosed as type 1 (Grosvenor & Smolin, 93). It is usually discovered before a pers...
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed to allow glucose to enter the cells and produce energy. There is no cure for this disease but it can be controlled with treatment which consists of daily injections of insulin and constant glucose monitoring. For both the patient and the caregivers it usually takes a significant amount of time to learn how to manage the disease; furthermore it is important to learn to read food labels, be able to count carbohydrates correctly and dose accurately. It is crucial for insulin dosing to be accurate in order to avoid underdosing and overdosing as it can be fatal in either instance, learning to recognize the difference between high glucose and low glucose symptoms is important as well. High glucose can present itself as increased thirst, headaches, blurred vision, trouble concentrating, fatigue and frequent urination; low glucose symptoms can be excess hunger, fatigue, nausea/ vomiting, lightheadedness even fainting. Low glucose can be treated by eating small portions of food that are high in sugar but being careful not to increase your glucose levels too much, if they do increase significantly then you have to correct with insulin DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) Since their is no cure for the disease the goal is ba...
Kobau, R., Zack, M. M., Manderscheid, R., Palpant, R. G., Morales, D. S., Luncheon, C., et al.
Type 1 diabetes has a genetic onset that often occurs in adolescence (Porth, 2005). It is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells within the liver are destroyed (Dorman, 1993). This causes a deficiency in insulin secretion, which ultimately leads to high blood glucose levels, also referred to as hyperglycemia (Guthrie & Guthrie, 2004). The mechanism for insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia is described in more detail in the following section and in Figure 1.
Type 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly (Couch 2008). Type 1 Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, is too high. With Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone, which helps glucose gets into your cells to provide energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth (American Diabetes Association). Previous research has suggested proper insulin management, a balanced diet and exercise will help maintain glycemic control and lessen the chance of complications (Couch 2008).
Duley, S. M., Cancelli, A. A., Kratochwill, T. R., Bergan, J. R., & Meredith, K. E. (1983).
Point blank, diabetes is a serious disease and causes major effects on people’s daily lives. In a society where food comes in such abundance, people are overeating. Compared to the beginning of the twenty first century when only about five percent of the population had diabetes (Nazarko, 2009), today that number is rising and continuing to do so. This is starting to affect the health of children by being diagnosed with diabetes at a young age. When a child has diabetes it becomes very serious since children are at such a young age to deal...