Development of Personality Disorders Due to Childhood Experiences
Introduction
I have decided to research the development of antisocial personality disorders due to the quality of early childhood care and early childhood experiences. Antisocial personality disorder is described generally as disregard for others. Diagnosing ASPD involves features such as delinquency, physical assaults, deceitfulness and lying, impulsivity, and irresponsibility. This topic appealed to me because my step sister goes to see a therapist and they have reason to believe that she may have an antisocial or borderline personality disorder. While I won’t divulge, she has had many traumatic childhood experiences and had quite the rough upbringing with her parents. This led me to be interested in this article and to find out more about the connections between the two phenomena.
Summary
The development environment has been theoretically proposed to be relevant to the etiology of ASPD. (Shi and Bureau, 2012, p.54) While many other studies have been carried out to find relationships between antisocial behavior and delinquency, very few have attempted to find the relationship between the caregiving environment and antisocial behavior. Three other relevant studies have been conducted; establishing a connection between developmental processes and early aggression, conduct disorder, and young adolescent to adolescent delinquency. Maltreatment in childhood has also been associated repeatedly with antisocial behavior. (Shi and Bureau, 2012, p. 55) The only issue most psychologists have been facing is simply that antisocial behaviors have only been measured with no diagnostic information so far. While some studies have shown that maltreatment in early life is ...
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... was focusing on single mothers, but I think it would have been interesting and would have been very helpful to see what the issues were had a father been involved and the child was in an environment that both of his or her parents were in. I hope that these psychologists conduct more experiments covering things that they couldn’t in the first one, and overall this study was incredible. I enjoyed reading the article and becoming more knowledgeable on the topic!
References
Hockenbury, Don H. and Hockenbury, Sandra E. (2014). Discovering psychology. Fifth Edition. New York, NY. Worth Publishers.
Shi, Zhenyu and Bureau, Jean-Francois (2012). Childhood Maltreatment and Prospectively Observed Quality of Early Care as Predictors of Antisocial Personality Disorder Features Michigan Association for Mental Health
Torgersen, S. (2009). The nature (and nurture) of personality disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(6), 624-632. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00788.x
Every few years there are disturbing, yet fascinating headlines: “BTK killer: Hiding in plain sight” or “Police discover at least 10 victims at Anthony Sowell's home”; but what would allow an individual to commit the crimes they did? In cases like these there is usually a common link: Antisocial Personality disorder. It is an unknown disorder to most of the population which is why there are so many questions to be answered, the main ones being what is antisocial personality disorder and how does it effect patient and society as a whole? To answer these questions one needs an accurate background picture of the disorder.
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Moffitt, Terrie E. 1993. “Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy.” Psychological Review 100:674–701.
Nurturing Parenting Programs (NPP) aims to target a specific population of parents. These parents are at a higher risk of maltreatment or physical abuse to their children. Poor interactional skills, abusive and/or neglectful care as children themselves, and conduct disorders, oppositional and attention-deficit disorders have all been noted to be significantly increased among this population”(Palusci, 2008, p.81). Joan McCord (1983) found that children who were harmed were more than likely to develop a mental disorder, become a juvenile delinquent, develop some form of substance abuse, or ultimately continue on the cycle of abuse to their children. Although some would not consider the
First, Anti Social Personality Disorder is a mental condition that can cause a person to think and behave in a destructive manner. “Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a pattern of socially irresponsible, exploitative, and guiltless behavior. ASPD is associated with co-occurring mental health and addictive disorders and medical comorbidity.” (Black, 2015) People with ASPD have a habit of antagonizing and manipulating others but also have no awareness for what is right and what is wrong. One tends to disregard the feelings and wishes of others. “ASPD typically begins during childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.” (Kivi, 2012) ASPD usually is noticed around 8 years old, but it is categorized as a conduct disorder. Though children can be treated in what doctors may think is ASPD, children will not be completely diagnosed with the title of ASPD until at least 18 years of age. In time those with ASPD behavior usually end up turning criminal.
Childhood Disruptive Behaviors Early Childhood Children at this stage (aged 4 to 8) understand the world by perceiving it, being influenced by it, and acting on it. In turn, the surrounding world shapes the child. This demonstrates the role of nurture within the child’s environment, as well as its role in developing behavior patterns. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that behavior patterns and personality are established during the early formative years. Research suggests that, when children come from unhealthy backgrounds, such as dysfunctional, abusive homes, they are much less likely to develop adequately physically, academically, and emotionally.
The researchers also accounted for parent-child relationships and ecological disadvantages such as parental stress or raising their child as a single parent. The mother and the adolescent were given questionaries to rate the levels of antisocial behaviors the child engages in. Ecological disadvantages and externalizing behaviors correlated with harsh physical discipline. Antisocial behavior and subsequent parent-child relationships were associated with mild physical disipline. They also found that physical discipline affects older children more negatively than younger
Conduct Disorder has been a part of the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) since its original release date in 1994. Although, there is new information about the disorder that was previously unknown, Conduct Disorder is distinguished by a “repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This mild, moderate, or severe antisocial behavior begins to appear either in childhood, categorized as early-onset conduct disorder , or in adolescence after ten years of age, classified as adolescent-onset conduct disorder (Passamonti et al., 2010.) The criteria to meet to be diagnosed with this disorder are separated into four subgroups: aggressive conduct, nonaggressive conduct, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of the rules. Three or more incidents must be present in the past twelve months with at least one of the characteristics being present in the past six months. This disorder causes severe impairment of functioning across a variety of situations so it is important to keep in mind society and individual situations because this diagnosis may be “misapplied to individuals in settings where patterns of undesirable behavior are sometimes viewed as protective” (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) For example, a patient that has recently relocated from a war torn country would most likely not be a candidate for Conduct disorder even though he or she may exhibit some of the characteristics.
Children that are neglected or abused are more at risk, in general, in developing personality disorders (Jones, Fitzpatrick, & Rogers,
The disorders listed in the DSM -5 Cluster B Personality Disorders are similar and often accompany each other therefore making a differential diagnosis is difficult. However,since a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality was made for Peter,and is comorbid with Borderline Personality, it was differentiated. According to the DSM – 5, Borderline Personality is characterized by a persistently instability in social relationships, self – image and emotions.
There are often contemptuous about the feelings or rights of others, blaming the victim for his or her stupidity. This quality makes antisocial personality disorders especially difficult to treat because clients often manipulate and lie to their therepaists too. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder find it hard to hold down jobs or meet financial obligations because they are consistently irresponsible. But, by middle to late adulthood the antisocial tendencies of such individual tend to
“Antisocial personality disorder, characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others” (Delisi, 2013). In young children it can present itself in school activities or out in the playground. The behavior shows when there
Family history showed his neglected childhood and his father left his home at the age of six years old and his mother had a hidden relationship with their neighbor. This example shows the typical way people get diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Due to this occurrence at the beginning of S.B.
Children may develop conduct problems over time for many reasons, particularly due to a genetic predisposition to temperamental issues, but a significant factor comes down to inadequate or unsatisfactory parent-child interactions. When a child is misbehaving, parents may cycle between permissive and aggressive responses, and overly hostile interactions may result in the child being conditioned to misbehave again in the future. When this pattern is repeated over and over again, the child will begin showing more conduct problems due to the parent unintentionally reinforcing him or her to do so. The Coercive Parent-Child Cycle is one of the primary ways in which parents unknowingly reinforce their child’s misbehavior and defiance. Children will