AI: Artificial Intelligence: The branch of computer science that deals with writing computer programs that can solve problems creatively; AI is used so computers can solve problems, learn and gain knowledge. AI is an attempt for computers to simulate human qualities.
Areas of AI research: Learning, game theoretic methods, Reasoning, speech Intelligent agents, physical modeling Knowledge representation natural language Logic programming planning
AI: Classification: AI can be classified into three different areas: Natural Language Processing which involves computers that can read, speak and understand natural language. Robotics which involves the development of intelligent robots. Expert Systems which is the simulation of the knowledge of human experts.
Intelligence: The ability to use knowledge for our own purposes is called thinking and is the basis of intelligence. Ability to think and reason, To learn, To acquire knowledge, To adapt to new situations
A person is intelligent when they can solve difficult problems using logical reasoning.
Interactionism: States the mind is non-material, the body is material, and each can act on each other.
Parallelism: Mind is spirit, body is material, and neither can act on each other.
Materialism: Mind is, or a state of, part of the material body. The relevant part of the physical body is usually considered to be the central nervous system that is the brain and spinal cord.
Idealism: The body, along with everything else, is just an idea of the mind.
Natural Language Processing: Computers are able to perform natural language processing at the syntax level. (syntax refers to the way in which words are put together to form phrases and sentences)
Style checkers are able to detect punctuation errors, double word usage, typographical errors, sexist language and more.
A Machine Intelligence Test: A simple test which determines whether or not a machine is behaving intelligently: Would this behaviour be considered intelligent if a human was observed behaving in the same way? The difficulty experience by artificial intelligence researchers is translating this massive amount of knowledge into a form that can be used by computers is called the Feigenbaum bottleneck: Identification and analysis of the chunks of knowledge. Chunk is used for an item of knowledge to indicate that knowledge does not appear in precisely defined units. The translation of that knowledge into a form that can be processed by a machine.
When addressing the mind and body issue, there are often multiple explanations. Out of those multiple explanations, Dualism and Materialism are the ones to stick out. Dualism stands on the ground that the mind and body are two fundamentally different things. There is in no way that you can make a distinction between the two. For no one can explain how a non-physical entity can affect a physical body. On the other hand Materialism (aka physicalism) stands the ground that there is only one entity in the world, which has to be physical. That everything in the universe has meaning in physical terms, for the brain is the mind.
The mind-body problem can be a difficult issue to discuss due to the many opinions and issues that linger. The main issue behind the mind-body problem is the question regarding if us humans are only made up of matter, or a combination of both matter and mind. If we consist of both, how can we justify the interaction between the two? A significant philosophical issue that has been depicted by many, there are many prominent stances on the mind-body problem. I believe property dualism is a strong philosophical position on the mind-body issue, which can be defended through the knowledge argument against physicalism, also refuted through the problems of interaction.
Every now and then, the one country situated in the northern part of America where everyone in the world wants to come and settle down to their life. It is the U.S.A. The U.S. is the place where the “American Dream” was born. If you work hard enough in this few barriers country, you will achieve the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility for your own family and children. However, that dream is now long gone forgotten because there is now a problem called “child poverty” that has been weighed down the entire U.S. society. So why does child poverty exists in the U.S.? Simple because their parents are poor, and those parents do not have enough resources to nurture their children as a standard citizen of a developed country. The U.S. while being the most powerful and civilized country in the world is still
Fodor begins his article on the mind-body problem with a review of the current theories of dualism and materialism. According to dualism, the mind and body are two separate entities with the body being physical and the mind being nonphysical. If this is the case, though, then there can be no interaction between the two. The mind could not influence anything physical without violating the laws of physics. The materialist theory, on the other hand, states that the mind is not distinct from the physical. In fact, supporters of the materialist theory believe that behavior does not have mental causes. When the materialist theory is split into logical behaviorism and the central-state identity theory, the foundation of functionalism begins to form. Logical behaviorism states that every mental feeling has the same meaning as an if-then statement. For example, instead of saying "Dr. Lux is hungry," one would say "If there was a quart of macadamia brittle nut in the freezer, Dr. Lux would eat it." The central-state identity theory states that a certain mental state equals a certain neurophysiological state. The theory works in a way similar to Berkeley’s representation of objects. Both mental states and objects are a certain collection of perceptions that together identify the particular state or object.
Materialists claim that everything is either a physical thing or an aspect of a physical thing, and no physical thing is dependent on the mind. A physical thing is not necessarily a solid object, but...
When looking at a person’s life, there are many factors to consider, social strains, biology, free will, and up-bringing to name a few. Each of them is very important, but today I will e discussing the biological factors, and the free will. Free will is the ultimate or final decider of one’s life path, and although factors of determinism might give one their foundation or starting point, free will takes you the rest of the way. That being said, it is important to remember that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive. When one evaluates each position in its purest form it is easy to see their strength and weakness.
Dualism is the idea that the mind is a separate entity that has no connection to the physical body.
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...
Physicalism, also known as materialism, is a view on the relationship between the mind and the body. Physicalism states that the mind and body are connected; every nonphysical thing can be explained by physics and/or occurs in a physical form (Physicalism, 1999). Philosophers who have studied and trust this concept believe that things like feelings, thoughts, and other similar things are explainable through science. There are philosophers who argue that though one can know everything there is to know about the color red, while never having experienced red (Demircioglu, 2013). Though, in physicalism, red may not be solely scientific, it is also not just a concept. On the other hand, dualism claims feelings, thoughts, and the like are totally separate from the body because they are not physically there in the brain or elsewhere (Robb, 2005). Dualism, however, brings the mind body problem up for
Douglas R. Hofstadter, in his work Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, remarks that one may contend that Artificial Intelligence is born of a machine’s ability to perform any task that had been previously confined to the domain of humans (601). However, a few sentences later, the author explains Tessler’s “Theorem” of progress in AI: “once some mental function is programmed, people soon cease to consider it as an essential ingredient of ‘real thinking.’ The ineluctable core of intelligence is always in that next thing which hasn’t yet been programmed” (601). There are various arguments as to what actually constitutes intelligence; however, it seems established that the possession of knowledge alone does not make a being or machine intelligent. While it is easy to see that AI research has progressed since the first vision of Artificial Intelligence, it remains difficult to define clearly the goal toward which they are working. Each philosopher has his or her own belief concerning what an AI program should be able to do. Without a consensus as to what constitutes intelligence, it is impossible to determine with universal agreement whether or not AI has succeeded, is achievable, or is an unreachable dream.
Artificial intelligence is a concept that has been around for many years. The ancient Greeks had tales of robots, and the Chinese and Egyptian engineers made automations. However, the idea of actually trying to create a machine to perform useful reasoning could have begun with Ramon Llull in 1300 CE. After this came Gottfried Leibniz with his Calculus ratiocinator who extended the idea of the calculating machine. It was made to execute operations on ideas rather than numbers. The study of mathematical logic brought the world to Alan Turing’s theory of computation. In that, Alan stated that a machine, by changing between symbols such as “0” and “1” would be able to imitate any possible act of mathematical
Global warming is caused by pollution eating away at the ozone layer of the atmosphere, as well as greenhouse gases trapping heat. The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years. (Riebeek 2) Many scientists believe that the effects of global warming will greatly impact the planet. Direct effect of Global Warming is increased heat on Earth then it will cause ice on poles to melt, leading to rising sea levels and land loss, because many areas will be under water. Besides that, many events of catastrophic weather will occur, such as droughts, floods, volcanic, tsunamis and earthquake. Although some areas of Earth will become wetter and flood due to global warming, other areas will suffer serious droughts and heat waves. Obviously, Africa will receive the worst of it, with more severe droughts also expected in Europe. After all, these effects spell one thing for the countries of the world: economic consequences. The chaos of weather patterns brought hurricanes, tsunamis, or earthquakes that cause billions of dollars in damage, diseases cost money to treat and control and conflicts exacerbate a...
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent
Within and beyond philosophy, lies the tension between the universal concept of free will and determinism. From a general standpoint, individuals are convinced that they rule and govern their own lives. Free will embodies that individuals have the freedom to dictate their own future. It asserts that our minds and essence have the capacity to choose our own actions and direction, whilst also choose alternative paths. Determinism on the other hand, suggests that life is a product of necessity and causation, built upon the foundations of the past and laws of nature. It threatens the thesis of free will by positing that the world and everything in it is knowable through strict cause and effect relationships - eliminating the possibility of freedom
Humans can expand their knowledge to adapt the changing environment. To do that they must “learn”. Learning can be simply defined as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught. Although learning is an easy task for most of the people, to acquire new knowledge or skills from data is too hard and complicated for machines. Moreover, the intelligence level of a machine is directly relevant to its learning capability. The study of machine learning tries to deal with this complicated task. In other words, machine learning is the branch of artificial intelligence that tries to find an answer to this question: how to make computer learn?