The current status of the problem
The chemical modification in triplex forming oligonucleotides affects the stability of RNA triplex. The incorporation of 2-omethayl-modify residues in a triplex forming oligonucleotides destabilizes and stabilizes triplex formation with RNA and DNA duplex regions (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010). The deterioration of RNA triplex formation may be making easy through modulation of van der Waals contact, base stacking backbone pre-organization, geometric compatibility and dehydration energy (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010).
Antisense are frequently very large numbers of mRNA molecules in a cell, and it is hard to attain complete inhibition of a specific mRNA. On top of that, the feedback mechanisms exist that can lead to enlarged mRNA production, in response to obliteration of mRNA in antisense therapy. It is shown that parallel triplexes are thermodynamically less stable at physiological pH (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010). Two reasons for the instability of triplexes at pH 7 and above include, the C+·GC triplet is stabilized by prolongation which only occurs at low pH and the juxtaposition of three polyanionic DNA strands is destabilizing at all pH values (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010).
Another problem is that the Triplex-directed DNA recognition is strictly limited by polyp urine sequence, the recognition of base pair inversions, in a duplex by chimeric TFOs, containing α-thymidine and α-deoxyguanosine (Patterson, Plaxco & Ricci, 2010). The hybridization of hairpin with an array of chimeric probes proposes that recognition of double-stranded DNA follows complex rules combining reversed Hoogsteen and non-canonical homologous hydrogen bonding.
Molecules that bind to the DNA double helix may i...
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...chemistry, 82(21), 9109-9115.
Reason for use: It describes the development of therapeutics and functional genomics applications) Besch, R., & Degitz, K, 2004, Triplex-forming oligonucleotides-sequence- specific DNA ligands as tools for gene inhibition and for modulation of DNA-associated functions. Current drug targets, 5(8), 691-703.
(Reason for use: Explains the status of transcription activity on efficiency of triplex formation and binding and antigene activity of a daunomycin-conjugated triplex-forming oligonucleotid)
Guntaka, R. V., & Weber, K. T, 2003, Triplex-forming oligonucleotides as modulators of gene expression. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 35(1), 22-31.
(Reason for use: Forms the basis of the scientific disciplines of molecular biology and genetics and underpinsgenomics, DNA diagnostics and modern aspects of forensic science)
Sansone, Randy A., and Lori A. Sansone. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2014.
3. Prospects for Antisense Nucleic Acid Therapy of Cancer and AIDS. Eric Wickstrom, Ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc., NY, 1991. pp 25-33, 35-51, 125-141.
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are two ways to modify histones on chromosomes, thereby regulating genetic expressions. Butyrate was reported as a non-competitive, reversible histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor [19-21], additionally other HDAC inhibitors, such as sodium valproate, sulforaphane, apcidin etc., were examined as the genetic expression promoters [22-25]. In our study, we determined the effects on HBD1 and LL-37 expression induced by seven HDAC inhibitors (Figure 4).
Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) is a chromosome found in the nucleus of a cell, which is a double-stranded helix (similar to a twisted ladder). DNA is made up of four bases called adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C), that is always based in pairs of A with T and G with C. The four bases of A, C, G, and T were discovered by Phoebus Levene in 1929, which linked it to the string of nucleotide units through phosphate-sugar-base (groups). As mention in Ananya Mandal research paper, Levene thought the chain connection with the bases is repeated in a fix order that make up the DNA molecu...
In order to do this a polymer of DNA “unzips” into its two strands, a coding strand (left strand) and a template strand (right strand). Nucleotides of a molecule known as mRNA (messenger RNA) then temporarily bonds to the template strand and join together in the same way as nucleotides of DNA. Messenger RNA has a similar structure to that of DNA only it is single stranded. Like DNA, mRNA is made up of nucleotides again consisting of a phosphate, a sugar, and an organic nitrogenous base. However, unlike in DNA, the sugar in a nucleotide of mRNA is different (Ribose) and the nitrogenous base Thymine is replaced by a new base found in RNA known as Uracil (U)3b and like Thymine can only bond to its complimentary base Adenine. As a result of how it bonds to the DNA’s template strand, the mRNA strand formed is almost identical to the coding strand of DNA apart from these
DNA is continuously evolving as it has developed various aspects of illicit cases, as well as playing vital roles in all cellular systems. The discovery of DNA has impacted and will trigger the fuel of new findings later in the future. DNA does not only significantly affect a cell’s function, but it aids the species to develop and reproduce, despite the altering conditions.
Zisser, Howard C. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 13 Sept. 2010. Web. 06 Jan. 2014.
The collection of DNA in an investigation is used most often to determine who the perpetrator(s) might be in a crime. There has been a rapid growth since its inception and legal and ethical issues have arisen. In the Double –Helix Double-Edged ...
Carmichael, L. E. (2015). Forensic science: in pursuit of justice. Minneapolis, MN: Abdo Publishing, an imprint of Abdo Publishing.
Each of the nucleotides accommodate a phosphate group, sugar group, and a nitrogen base. There is four nitrogen bases in DNA. The four nitrogen bases are; Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). Each of the bases are connected to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. They are then positioned into two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix (DNA). The nitrogen bases are paired up with one another. Adenine and Thymine will always be paired with each other because of the bonds between them. Between A and T, there are two hydrogen bonds. The same goes with Guanine always being paired with Cytosine due. Between both G and C there is three hydrogen bonds. The nitrogen bases Adenine and Guanine won’t pair up with each other because, of their size. Both the nitrogen bases Adenine and Guanine are a purine base. Thymine and Cytosine are both a pyrimidine base. Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine, because they are of opposite
"Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Fact Sheet." Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Fact Sheet. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2013. .
Shi, Y., & Zou, M. (2008). Progress in gene therapy research. In J. L. Lewis (ED.), Gene therapy and cancer research progress (pp. 23-130). New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Wen, Chuck K., Pamela L. Hudak, and Stephen W. Hwang. "Abstract." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 06 Apr. 2007. Web. 13 Apr. 2014.
Tsou, J. A., Hagen, J. A., Carpenter, C. L., & Laird-Offringa, I. A. (2002, August 05). DNA
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...