Estimation of population density or abundance of arboreal primates such as Hylobates agilis is generally difficult due to their highly mobile nature and accessibility to sampling area can be very difficult. Conventional methods such as distance sampling or mark- recapture method requires big amount of effort, funding and man power. Alternatively, presence-absence method can be used which is relatively easy, less costly and requires lesser personnel The presence-absence method used in this study is one of the approach developed for estimating occupancy of single species within single season(MacKenzie, Nichols, Gideon, Droege, Royle and Langtimm, 2002). Occupancy is the proportion of a randomly selected sampling unit in an area under study is occupied with interested species. Occupancy modeling allows us to estimate the probability that a sampling unit is occupied, given that species are imperfectly detected or in other words probability that a site is within a group of sites is occupied with species of interest. Occupancy model has wide range of applications such as species occurrence, range, distribution, habitat selection and wild life monitoring (MacKenzie et al, 2005). In this, study we used single season single species occupancy model and carried out based on presence – absence data or detection –non detection data. In the single season model, populations are assumed to be closed no migration, birth of new individual, death take place during the period of study. If x and s represents the number of occupied sites and total number of surveyed site, then occupancy of particular species is: Ψ=x/s However, x count may be lower than expected due to absence of species in the occupied site which leads to false absence. Theref... ... middle of paper ... ...e third unique difference is occurrence of epiphythe. (Smith and Smith, 2003) Deforestation rate in Southeast Asia is one of the highest globally. It is a primary threat to loss of biodiversity. Most of exploitations are focused on lowland due to ease of access compare to its counterpart montane forest. Besides this, intense logging in lowland may bring major threat to flora and fauna in lowland dipterocarp forest.(Soh, Sodhi and Lim, 2006).From year 1981 to 1990 deforestation rate in Malaysia reached 1.8% per year between 1981 and 1990, this is notably regarded as among the highest in the world. Most of the virgin lowland forests are exploited for timber and land clearing for commercial crops and estate development. It is suggested that degraded area if allowed to regenerate could possibly provide home for some forest biota.(Peh, Jong, Sodhi, Lim and Yap, 2005)
(http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-densityfrequencydominance.html) Biodiversity is the number of richness or the number of species in a local area. This happens when someone can look at a species, in order to indicate a degree of uncertainty. This can happen by calculating the number of species given, where the individual is picked at random from the community. In other words, if the diversity is high, then oneself will have a poorer chance of correctly calculating the species of the next individual picked at random. (http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/bealsmodules/shannonDI.html) This experiment was a way to find out the diversity of the school parking lot and the possibility to identify the type or model of the student’s, faculties and guest
Soule, Michael E et al. “Ecological Effectiveness: Conservation Goals for Interactive Species.” Conservation Biology 17.5 (2003) : 1238-1250.
Landscape fragmentation contributes to loss of migratory corridors, loss of connectivity and natural communities, which all lead to a loss of biodiversity for a region. Conservation of biodiversity must include all levels of diversity: genetic, species, community, and landscape (CNHP 1995). Each complex level is dependent upon and linked to the other levels. In addition, humans are linked to all levels of this hierarchy. A healthy natural and human environment go hand in hand (CNHP 1995). An important step in conservation planning, in order to guarantee both a healthy natural environment as well as a healthy human environment, is recognizing the most endangered elements.
In this experiment, students went into the nature preserve, on the University of the Ozarks campus, to determine the amount of tree species diversity that the preserve had to offer. To calculate the diversity of a species, one should use the Shannon Diversity Index. Through use of the Shannon Diversity Index, students are able to calculate an areas diversity (plants, people, etc.) by considering the relative abundance and species richness of multiple trials in an area.
We have known that deforestation can lead to decline in biodiversity and land degradation. As John Donne has said, “No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main”, not only governments are supposed to be responsible for deforestation, individuals should also take responsibilities. There are some things that we can do to help better the situation. For instance, we can refuse to use throwaway chopsticks and purchase wooden furniture, reduce the usage of papers by printing less, and educate others to cherish the forest resources.
A different scenario takes place when an alien species is transported to a new area. Although direct competition with similar species is still a problem, the new kid in the block may have no natural pests and diseases. Thus, large stands of monocultures can occur. It is generally accepted that one plant species will support 10 species of animals. If one species takes over 99% of a given habitat dozens if not hundreds of species are lost from that area and some populations are stressed enough that extinction is possible.
Philip, M., & William F. 2004, ‘Tropical Deforestation and Greenhouse-gas Emissions’, Ecological Applications, (no publication information), Volume 14, Issue 4, pp. 982–986, viewed 23 April 2010,
The comparison between the average extinction rate and average final abundance conclude that destroying Philip’s Creek and conserving the population through relocation and habitat maintenance provide the same effect. It also appears that the degradation of the population could be just as severe as the demise of the population due to Green Valley Ranch. Therefore, Green Valley Ranch should be able to expand their pasture; however, when observing the effects of conservation failure, the metapopulation suffers dramatically. If the conservation efforts fail, the final abundance is approximately the same as the severe degradation of the population. Thus, the uncertainty within the two possibilities is too high to decide which group is
Deforestation is fast becoming one of the world’s worst environmental/geographical occurring disasters known to mankind, and is due to humankind’s greed, ignorance and carelessness when considering the future of our environment.
Nowadays deforestation is the one of the most important and controversial environmental issues in the world. Deforestation is cutting down, clearing away or burning trees or forests. Particularly tropical rainforests are the most waning type of forests because of its location in developing countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, India, central African countries and Brazil. Deforestation rate in those regions is high enough to worry about, because of large economic potential of forest areas. As the result of causes such as agriculture land expansion, logging for timber, fire blazing and settling infrastructure there might be serious impacts in future. For instance, extinction of endemic species of animals and plants which will be feral, increase of greenhouse gas emissions which may lead to global warming and consecutive catastrophes, destruction of home for indigenous residents which is considered as violation of human rights. Some people can argue with these drawbacks telling that deforestation have more valuable benefits such as growth of economics, production of food and providing better opportunities for life for poor families. However, these benefits are quite temporary and government of that countries and world organisations tries to halt deforestation proposing several solutions. Deforestation problem is especially acute in the Brazilian Amazon, where its rate is much high comparing with other regions. This paper will describe world-wide rainforests, causes and effects of deforestation, and evaluate possible solutions of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.
Non-native species are easily preventable from entering into native species’ habitats. There are many ways to prevent them such as creating machines and other things. Altogether, a good fix to prevent non-native species from entering countries, is by creating machines to detect when the non-native species are
On the first level, when foreign, but previously non-invasive species is first introduced to a new area, the new species may play a role in a community that was previously unfulfilled; it may fill a vacant niche in the ecosystem. Originally this new species may be seen as a useful contributor to its new surroundings because it has only (temporarily) increased biodiversity in the area (Meinesz, 2003).
The forests around the world a supply a plethora of community amenities and commercial goods , nevertheless forested terrain progressively is becoming transformed to accommodate other uses, including cropland, pasture, mining, and urban areas, which can produce superior private financial returns. The wide array of benefits the forest provides that vanish directly tied to deforestation have resulted in several policies drafted with the sole intention to reduce the frequency of deforestation. This paper has two primary objectives. First, this paper will review and summarize both the preceding and current research on deforestation. Second, it will emphasize the significance of future research and development, as well as other solutions needed
The Lincoln Index is a method which is used to estimate and sample the size of closed populations. This method was discovered in by the American ornithologist Frederick C. Lincoln in 1930. The Lincoln Index provides a way to measure, sample and estimate population sizes of individual animal species. It is based on the capture, mark, release and recapture technique. The mark and recapture method involve random sampling of a population of animals and then mark all of the individuals that is captured in a recognizable way but is non-harmful and does not expose them to higher predation levels than non-marked individuals. The marked animals are then released back into the original population and left to mingle with the general population for a suitable period of time to allow complete remixing of the marked individuals with the population. Once they have become thoroughly mixed into the population again, the population is then resampled. There must be enough time allowed to elapse for complete mixing of the population to have happened.
Deforestation is the amputation of trees from forest areas more swiftly than they can be replanted or regenerate naturally. The fact that trees play an incredibly momentous part in stabilising climate, atmospheric composition and soil structure, removing trees rapidly becomes a major problem. There are numerous reasons behind the felling of trees by mankind. The Amazon basin is a prime example of humans exploiting rainforests. Within this tropical rainforest lie a vast variety of tree species, with many uses, giving humans even more reason to exploit this area.