1) Even though DNA and the genetic code may be the same, genes can express themselves differently in certain situations. This concept is known as epigenetics. Epigenetics regulates what cells turn into and how they are expressed. As seen in the Epigenesis video, epigenetics are created by methylation, which is a process that turns certain genes off or on. Another factor is inheritance of the genomes that turn off specific cells or pass on traits that we may receive from our parents or even grandparents.
A great example of epigenetics could be observed in identical twin studies. Seeing their DNA similarity and their change over time, helps explain the factor of environment that plays a huge role in our epigenomes. As twins grow older and experience diverse environments, they start to differ in their genes more so than very young twins. Other factors such as nutrients, chemicals, or even behaviors can increase epigenetic action.
The most interesting change in Epigenesis is the development of cancer in identical twins. While one twin may never have to experience cancer, the other identical twin may suffer from cancer that developed through the process of epigenetics. This change in our DNA is caused by a bidirectional interaction between our genes and the environment. There are critical periods such as puberty or pregnancy, in which the environment can have a greater impact on our genes and therefore on our epigenetic activity.
2) The method that allows researchers to understand cause and effect relationships is the experimental method. Unlike correlational methods, experiments lead to scientific explanations. In experimental methods, researchers use controlled observations to test their hypotheses. Some experimental methods may...
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...ves because of the early opportunities that they obtain.
A modern theory of nature and nurture is seen in the continuity versus discontinuity process. While some theorists believe that characteristics can be traced back to the early stage in life, others believe that behaviors of development are independent from prior occurrences. Continuity is a systematic process, in which skills are learned through prior experiences in the environment. However, discontinuity theorists believe that development is caused by biological factors that work internally and lead to an uneven growth. Nevertheless, both sides of this theory agree on the two factors that play a role in development.
References
Harwood, R. & Miller, S. A., & Vasta, R. (2008). Child psychology: Development in a changing society 5th edition. United States of America. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lead singer/rhythm guitarist Sonny Remlinger makes the cool clubs warm with the lyrics he belts out one reverberation at a time. Joseph finds songwriting sessions useful to the process and is crafts distinctive songs people enjoy seeing play out in live forum. “As f...
Histone modification may or may not be dependent on DNA methylation and is difficult to detect compared to LOH.
---. “Epigenetics Modifications and Viral Infections.” Frontiers in Genetics. Frontiers Media S.A, 2007-2014. Web. 31 Mar. 2014. .
Identical twins have the same DNA and the same genes. They have many similarities such as resemblances in facial and body expression, their laugh, and much more. Despite these similarities, as these twins get older the differences that develop between their appearances can be remarkable. It is also very possible for one twin to get a deadly disease, such as cancer, while the other does not. The first question that may run through your mind is how? The answer is the epigenome. In contrast to the genome, which is the set of your entire DNA, the epigenome is what tells your genome what to do and when. In other words, if the genome is thought of as the hardware of the computer, with its physical parts being genes, the epigenome can be thought as the software of the computer, influencing how and when these physicals parts should be used. The epigenome also dictates the cell's behavior and function.
The scientific method is how psychologists gain knowledge about the mind and behavior. It is used by all scientists. The experimental method is the one way to engage the scientific method, and the only way to find a cause and effect in relationships. It is summarized in five steps, observing some phenomenon in the world, forming a hypothesis which is an educated prediction about relationships between two or more variables, examining the gathered information by using empirical research, determining what the results are and drawing them, and evaluating the results whether it will support the hypothesis or not. Researchers, at the end, submit their work for publication for all to see and read (King, 2016). There are three types of psychological research in the scientific method, descriptive research, correlation, and experimental research (King, 2016). The article The Effects of Negative Body Talk in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of College Students (Katrevich, Register, & Aruguete, 2014) is an example of the experimental method.
The nature vs. nurture controversy has been one of the oldest and most incessant debates throughout history. The disputation of this debate has generated numerous hypotheses, and explorations by various researchers, however, it has not been clearly determined as to whether a person is biologically determined or whether they are shaped by the environment. Nature’s theory holds that a person’s mental ability is sustained by what he or she is born with genetically. Conversely, the argument that a person’s environment plays a large role in his or her mental aptitude is nurture. Despite the numerous and overwhelming experiments that have been fulfilled by theorists who support the nature theory, I strongly believe that the environment around a person, on the other hand, is ever-changing and offers more opportunities for growth and variation.
Cancer is beyond mutations. By definition, epigenetics is the change in gene translation that is caused by alterations not directly due to genetic mutations in the DNA sequence. The 2 main mechanisms are DNA methylation and covalent modification of histones. By methylation, certain molecular tags (methyl groups) bind to a specific sequence of a gene, that results in its disability hence incapable of being translated into its appropriate protein product. These changes affect the cell’s functions leaving its DNA unchanged. Epi is derived from Latin meaning above; hence an epigenetic configuration overlies our genetic predispositions.
Chapter one provided a brief overview on child development, which included debated topics, theories and the various stages of development. The chapter was an introduction to readers that outlined the basic notions of child development and how they can be implemented while working with children. The field of development includes factors such as nature, nurture, existing conditions for the child and the child’s own traits. In order to understand and effectively work with children, the chapter emphasizes the importance of each factor and how they relate. Child development has been divided into three categories: physical development, cognitive development and social-emotional development. Although different, these domains are interconnected and
Epigenetics, which also means “above genetics”, is defined as the study of chemical reactions that take place in the organism as this one grows and develop. This chemical reaction activate and deactivate at certain time and location some parts of the genome. The video resulted extremely interesting because it shows how our body react to the epigenomes and how important is our lifestyle to our health and for the health of our next generations.
Metheny is a stands out amongst the most imperative figures to rise up out of the jazz-rock development in the '70's. His musical vocation started when he joined vibraphonist Gary Burton's group in the early '70's at the age of 19. When he was 30, Metheny had recorded various collections with his band, scored a few film soundtracks and earned 3 Grammys. His band offered the smooth, dreamy sound of his guitar, the rich synthesiser stylings of Lyle Mays, and the melodic yet uncompromising musical pieces that were to turn into his trademark.
I believe that a child’s growth is developmental, and each child needs a secure caring and motivating atmosphere in which to grow and developed emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. I believe nature and nurture are the two aspects that influence in child development. Nature and nurture are different in several ways, but they both play an important role in child development. I believe that the environment that a person grows up in has the most influence on child development because children reflect what they are taught and what they learn from the people around them.
McDevitt, T., & Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Child development and education (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Development across the lifespan is one of the most interesting areas of psychology. The word development refers to human development which can be defined as “the scientific study of changes that occur in people as they age from conception until death.” (Ciccarelli, & White, 2009)Psychologists study this developmental change over time through several different methods. The book highlights three: Longitudinal design, cross-sectional design and cross-sequential design. Longitudinal design is a research design “in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time.” Cross sectional design differs from longitudinal design because cross-sectional designed research studies “several different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular time.” (Ciccarelli, & White)Cross-sequential designed research is a combination of the other two types; the cross-sequential research design studies participants by means of a cross-sequential design but they are also followed and assessed for a period of time no more than six years. A controversial topic associated with development across the lifespan is the theory of “Nature versus Nurture”. Nature versus nurture refers to the relationship between development and heredity and environmental factors. The answer lies on a spectrum between environmental factors and heredity. Psychologists on the environmental side are called empiricists. Empiricists believe that human development is fully influenced by a person’s environment. On the opposite side of the spectrum are the nativists. Nativists are psychologists that believe a person’s development is based completely on genetic factors. The facts are divided in relation to the two theor...
In every human’s life, development reflects both continuity and discontinuity. One aspect of the continuity discontinuity issue concerns whether the changes we undergo over the life span are gradual or abrupt. Continuity theorists view human development as a process that occurs in small steps, without sudden changes. In contrast discontinuity theorists picture the course of development as more like a series of stair steps, each of which elevates the individual to a new and more advanced level of functioning when an adolescent rather rapidly gains six inches in height and achieves sexual maturity. These changes may seem quite discontinuous. There are several theorists that have explored the continuity and discontinuity process.