DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep-foundation elements comprise piles and piers and are like slender columns buried in the ground. They are prevented from buckling because they are confines by the soil. Piles and piers transfer the load either to bedrock or to soil of high bearing capacity while passing through unsuitable soil.
As previously stated, deep foundation are used where shallow foundation cannot be used because the topsoil is expansive or has a low bearing capacity or where the frost line is deep. They are also used in buildings that house items or instrumentation sensitive to settlement of shallow foundations.
Piles are generally driven into the ground, except concrete piles, which can also be site-cast in predrilled holes (boring method).
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Steel and concrete piles are generally used under heavier loads. Wood piles are limited in their load capacity because of the nature of the material and the limitations on the cross-sectional are of tree trunks.
Steel piles consist of H-shape, or shallow, pipes. Hollow steel piles are filled with concrete after being driven. Steel piles are susceptible to corrosion in some environments.
Precast concrete piles are generally solid, but hollow precast concrete sections have been used. Concrete piles are subject to attack by sulfur present in some soil, requiring the use of sulfate-resistant Portland cement. Wood piles are treated with creosote or CCA as a preservative.
The selection of piles for a building is a function of several factors, such as availability, cost, below-grade environment, load capacity of piles, and the equipment required to drive them.
Piles that transfer the load through friction created between the surface of the pile and the sold are called friction piles. They are generally tapered to a narrow cross section at the bottom to facilitate driving and to increase friction. Piles that transfer most of the load to the bottom strata, with very little through friction, are called end-bearing piles.
DETAILS OF THE
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- For this MRT project, the railway starts from Sungai Buloh to Kajang.
- The transportation service line serves quick transportation between one place to another for the estimated population of 1.2 million people.
- The MRT line for this project will be constructed underground for the distance of 9.5Km. The 9.5Km includes 7 stations out of 31 stations throughout the whole railway line.
- The building team that is in charge of doing the pilling works near Palm Spring is Mudajaya Group Berhad.
- Mudajaya Group Berhad (“Mudajaya”) was incorporated on 6 February 2003 and the company is operating until now. Mudajaya is an investment holding company and its associated companies are involved in construction, property development, manufacturing, trading and the power sector.
MATERIAL, TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
Hydraulic bored pile machine
-Mudajaya uses bored piling as their piling method. Basically the auger rotates rapidly and spins off the soil from the flight as they insert the pile into the
such as clay, shale, or blast-furnace slag. Either a dry or a wet process is
Erosion often causes landforms such as cliffs, rocky platforms, headlands, caves, stacks and arches. (See Appendix B). When waves break, it carries material on and off the shore. When more material is carried in the backwash, the wave is destructive. This is the process of hydro-orientated erosion.
Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden change in stress condition, causing it to behave like a liquid. The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated, loose (low density), sandy soils. This is because the loose sand has a tendency to compress when a load is applied; dense sands by contrast tend to expand in volume. If the soil is saturated by water, then water fills the gaps between soil grains. In response to the soil compressing, this water increases in pressure and attempts to flow out from the soil to zones of low pressure (usually upward towards the ground surface). However, if the loading is rapidly applied and large enough, or is repeated many times (e.g. earthquake shaking, storm wave loading) such that it does not flow out in time before the next cycle of load is applied, the water pressures may build to an extent where they exceed the contact stresses between the grains of soil that keep them in contact with each other. These contacts between grains are the means by which the weight from buildings and overlying soil layers are transferred from the ground surface to layers of soil or rock at greater depths. This loss of soil structure causes it to lose all of its strength. According to the
Public transport is a vibrant driver which runs day to day economy of the country as it helps
Certain types of soils move foundations. Foundations under homes stress and fatigue over time when the soil composition changes beneath the foundation and causes the home to become out of level. there are several signs a homeowner can see when a structure is out of level and needs to be repaired. The three levels of foundation damage are cosmetic, functional and structural.
of sand and gravel deposits that lay on top of London clay and it is
There are two types of aggregate piers: Rammed Aggregate Piers and Vibrated Aggregate Piers (vibro stone columns).
Wooden frames support most of the arches during construction. Once the construction is complete, the wooden frames are removed, the sides of the arch press against the keystones hence supporting the arch. Several arrangements of arches formed a vault (Hugh 22). Vaults were used to construct large open rooms with high covered entrances. Romans created arches to support enormous weights.
Levitt, M. M. (2008). Precast concrete: materials, manufacture, properties and usage / M. Levitt. London: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
...n most part if steel were to be used in a Type I structure, it would be to reinforce the concrete because concrete is strong in compressive strength but weak in tensil strength. If there is any exposed steel, it is fire proofed with a fire retardant. Mainly the fire hazards that firefighters have to face in these structures are usually because of human error during the construction of the buildings or when occupants are occupying the building. In a construction sites welding, cutting, plumber’s torches, electrical wiring, and heaters all pose a fire hazard. The other risk of this type of building would be of a collapse of the concrete walls or floors during construction.
... although we may never be able to understand exactly what soil failures can occur when a natural disasters take place, as time goes on and testing instruments and materials advance we will hopefully have a better understanding of what we can do to avoid soil failures and come up with a better and more sufficient method of improving the soils structure and strength permanently. While researching the information for this report I feel I have a much better understanding for construction geo-technics and foundations especially regarding the deformation, liquefaction and pile information related to this specific event. I hope to carry the information I have learned from this event into the construction field and apply them towards an authentic project that’s taking place and know that the information, regarding soils, I have given input on will be precise and accurate.
example if a building near the house lot has a high angled roof, that could be because of heavy
The crust, the outermost layer of the earth, which compares to the shell or skin. The earth kind of looks like a big jawbreaker because it has so many layers. Tectonic plates move in a constant motion, driving them into one another. The plates will meet at a fault. One plate pushes against another one and creates friction, which holds the plates together at the fault line, the rest of the plate remains in motion. Once the pressure grows so strong, the plates slip and release all the built up energy in the form of seismic waves in all directions. The seismic waves travel through the earth making it shake. When they reach the surface, they shake everything else like houses and people (Lisa Wald, 2009). Locating earthquakes is the important key to keeping people
As we know the rail is expected to a transportation which is the transport of low-carbon and least of emissions from the transport. Malaysia in always congestion situation especially in city Kuala Lumpur must be very encouraging the rail transportation greater use in future and supporting this sustainable transportation by the way of the rail transport system in Malaysia still need a lot of improve to provide the services.