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Modern data storage devices
Digital technology
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Data storage covers many areas. Anywhere information is stored for later retrieval could be considered "data storage." While it is not the first thing we would think of, a bill board advertisement is data storage. The advertisement (data) is meant to be read (retrieved) by many people. Other examples that might more readily come to mind include check books (storing your financial information), filing cabinets and books, among many others. What we will attempt to do here is present a (brief) history of data storage, especially as it applies to computers, and outline the current technologies that are used to store data, and their limitations. We also want to discuss the exciting data-storage technologies that are on the horizon. These new technologies will allow data storage to continue to be inexpensive and reliable. Computers, when it gets right down to it, only have two states which are recognized: on and off. As it processes information, all it really sees are a series of ones and zeros. These ones and zeros are called "bits," and computers are what are called "binary machines," meaning they process ones and zeros, or binary information. So, a character such as S is represented to the computer as 01010011 (8 bits are known as a byte). Pay attention! This will be important later, as this is how computers store data as well. A brief, yet (almost) entirely inaccurate, history of data storage. A really long time ago, man started wanting to store data. He realized that always trying to rely on human memory can have its pitfalls. There had to be a way to augment the human's capacity to remember. Thus, data storage. The first attempts at data storage used sun dried clay tablets with characters inscribed in them. They realized very quickly that this was not entirely efficient. You didn't have to write much before you couldn't carry it around any more. Pocketbooks® would have never flown, let alone walked. Well, it could have walked, but with great difficulty. But I digress. The search began for more efficient methods of data storage. The Egyptians came up with the idea of making paper out of papi--, papy--, river reeds. Now they could store a lot of information, in funny little characters that no one could read until the Rosetta Stone, in a much smaller amount of space.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - Hard drives can store very large amounts of data ranging from 200GB – 1TB. A hard drive is made up of a magnetic disk that consists of a number of platters/disks that are coated in a magnetic material that rotate at 7200 RPM. The data is encoded into bits and written into the disks as a series of changes in the direction of the magnetic pull, and then the data is read by detecting the changes in direction on the
In previous years, the first computers were mechanical, not electronic. One of the first computers ever made was the Difference Engine, designed by Charles Babbage. (Babbage, C, n.d.). The Difference Engine was able to calculate polynomials using the differences method. After the Difference Engine, Babbage began his work on an improved calculating engine, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine used punch cards to operate, just like the Jacquard Loom. The Jacquard Loom used punch cards to control weaving that created interesting patterns in textiles. The punch cards were used in the Analytical Engine to define the input and the calculations to carry-out. The Analytical Engine had two major parts. The first part was the mill, which is similar to a modern day computer processing unit, or a CPU. The CPU is the brain of a modern day computer; it is what carries out modern day instructions inside a computer. The mill would execute what it received from the store. The second part was the store, which was the memory of the computer. “It was the world’s first general-purpose computer.” (Babbage, C, n.d.)....
to leave everything running all the time or print what they typed for the day and retype it the next day or they could save it to a I/O card” (“Computers” Internet). All three of these choices posed as a problem from programmers of that time, as first off to leave on the computer would cost a lot of money as it required a lot of money to maintain them while they are on.
One could very well conclude that the Egyptians of the northern kingdom were critical thinkers in order to discover this intricate technique that forever left a lasting impact on mankind and his ability to pass on knowledge for future generations. We would later discover just how much the papyrus plant was important to later Egyptian creations during the unification, such as the creation of the Mdw-Ntr (Hieroglyphic) writing system—imagine having a writing system with nothing practical in everyday life to write on. Although stones were carved into, the papyrus plant would have made it easier for scribes to pass on more information at a time.
...drive and in hard copy. This way, if my computer fails, I can recover the information thanks to my hard drive. In addition, if the power fails for some reason or if the computer and the hard drive break down, I would have the information in hard copy. Moreover, I am considering storing my documents in some sort of electronic “cloud.” I currently have a virtual storage I can access through my email which acts the same way as a hard drive. I have also read that we can store our artifacts in Canvas. I would like to explore more about that.
And his signal concept of an all-purpose, stored-program computer – the model for our digital devices today – was often attributed to others, from Charles Babbage in the nineteenth century to John von Neumann in the twentieth. (Saler 1)
One of the earliest forms of data storage was the punch card. Punch cards were perforated paper that stored patterns that were used on cloth to make designs. They were then able to store data, but could not hold much. Their primary use was to store computer settings for different machines making for easier programming. Then came punched tape, magnetic tape and compact cassettes, all of which were used to store data on PCs.
There are many different types of databases, different performances of databases, and different database software functions. Before we get to much into databases lets take a step back and think about what a database really is and how they are applied. A database is a software program arranged to collect hold and process information. There are quite a bit of software programs out there already that can allow you to do all this. However, what makes databases different is that once you enter information in to, the database will operate the information in ways that allow you to analyze the information. Databases are designed in such a way that as to make it easier to obtain particular pieces of data. Databases are used in many ways existing in pretty much the entire world of computers. Databases are the most used method of storage for large multiuser funtions where the coordination between many users is necessary. This is just basically what a database is.
The new databases are designed to keep the data safe and secure. A database has tables that include groups of related data fields, these are known as records. As stated before data can be informative in one location such as the ancients used to have. Databases are not limited to just computer or electronics, a phone book is considered a database. If you break the phone book down, it has categories and rows. The names are in alphabetical order, it also has them listed by zip code and city. If you base your information on specific things like zip code, city, last name, then you can see that as a query. There are many dvantages to using a database and information system. The main things are that the ability to control redundancy, the information can be controlled, it can restrict access, as well as share data, it can also back up an recover the information. Before the use of computers, the only way to back up or protect against restricted access was to make copy’s and protect or hide them. The biggest benefit is that is can reduce information you do not need. It also helps with multiple files. Kind of like have a stack of baseball card, you can have 2 stacks, one with many copies, and one with only 1 of each. The database would bring up the ones with only 1 each which helps in redundancy. Another benefit is that is can share
Marketing companies are one example of a proper use of it. They acquire and utilize digital data to target specific markets. If for example they need a list of names and addresses of people between 23 and 36 years old, with a large amount of credit; they can obtain it from companies like ChoicePoint, firms dedicated specifically to identify, retrieve, storage, analyze, and deliver the data. (Choice Point, 2002-2008) These companies can provide more than databases, they offer information like background screenings, public records, copies of documents like birth certificates, business credentials, authentication and more. Law enforcement officers, potential employers, financial institutions, and even just regular people use it and find it very helpful.
The fist computer, known as the abacus, was made of wood and parallel wires on which beads were strung. Arithmetic operations were performed when the beads were moved along the wire according to “programming” rules that had to be memorized by the user (Soma, 14). The second earliest computer, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1694, was a “digital calculating machine.” Pascal designed this first known digital computer to help his father, who was a tax collector. Pascal’s computer could only add numbers, and they had to be entered by turning dials (Soma, 32). It required a manual process like its ancestor, the abacus. Automation was introduced in the early 1800’s by a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He created an automatic calculation machine that was steam powered and stored up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Unlike its two earliest ancestors, Babbage’s invention was able to perform various operations. It relied on cards with holes punched in them, which are called “punch cards.” These cards carried out the programming and storing operations for the machine. Unluckily, Babbage’s creation flopped due to the lack of mechanical precision and the lack of demand for the product (Soma, 46). The machine could not operate efficiently because technology was t adequate to make the machine operate efficiently Computer interest dwindled for many years, and it wasn’t until the mid-1800’s that people became interested in them once again.
Browns dream of a reading machine would become a reality only forty years later when the first eBook was typed onto a computer. This primitive eBook may not have held up to all of Brown’s requirements, however, this was an extremely important first step. In 1971, the same year the first email was sent, Michael Hart claimed that the computers greatest value would be storing the books already in our libraries in one compact place. Due to Michael 's extended time around computers he decided to type out The Declaration of Independence into a computer. Although it is disputed Mr. Harts work has been speculated to be the first digitized book. (In text citation History of E books) E books began to gain a silent popularity online such as romances, technical manuals, as well as novels that could be shared easily. Romance novels gained popularity
The history of the computer dates back all the way to the prehistoric times. The first step towards the development of the computer, the abacus, was developed in Babylonia in 500 B.C. and functioned as a simple counting tool. It was not until thousands of years later that the first calculator was produced. In 1623, the first mechanical calculator was invented by Wilhelm Schikard, the “Calculating Clock,” as it was often referred to as, “performed it’s operations by wheels, which worked similar to a car’s odometer” (Evolution, 1). Still, there had not yet been anything invented that could even be characterized as a computer. Finally, in 1625 the slide rule was created becoming “the first analog computer of the modern ages” (Evolution, 1). One of the biggest breakthroughs came from by Blaise Pascal in 1642, who invented a mechanical calculator whose main function was adding and subtracting numbers. Years later, Gottfried Leibnez improved Pascal’s model by allowing it to also perform such operations as multiplying, dividing, taking the square root.
This paper proposes the Google File System (GFS). They introduced GFS to handle Google's massive data processing needs. GFS considers the following goals: higher performance, scalability, reliability and availability. However, it's not easy to reach these goals, there are many obstacles. Thus, in order to tackle challenges, they have considered using constant monitoring, error detection, fault tolerance, and automatic recover to tackle component failures that can affect the system's reliability and availability. The need to handle bigger files is becoming very important because data is keep growing radically. Therefore, they considered changing I/O operation and block sizes. They also consider using appending operations rather than overwriting to optimize the performance and assures atomicity. They also considered flexibility and simplicity when designing GFS. GFS supports the following operations: open, close, read, write, create, delete, snapshot(create a copy of a file), and record append(multiple users append data to the same file at the same time).
This was a simple means of writing that required raw materials ample in the environment. The degree of technology it used can be seen as only slightly higher than the scientific concept of the sharpened wedge (blade) used to cut an angle on the reed tip. The small effort needed to build a pen was far less than that of the ink needed. Nature grew the reed, humans merely plucked it from the ground and sliced off its bottom tip. During this period of Antiquity, the Egyptians had also constructed the Great Pyramids and the Sphinx. By no means was the pen as physically large and complex a creation as the wonders of the world, which were constructed with the sole purpose of being the final resting-place of the Pharaoh. However, the reed pen had a much more profound, a much greater effect on the world and the path our present-day history took.