a. Seismic damage estimation of buildings considering north Tehran fault scenario earthquake
The residential building damages were calculated for Niavaran fault scenario earthquake by JICA (2000). The recent updates on JICA’s study (Karimi 2011) was employed as input data for the analysis. In the study conducted by JICA (2000), commercial buildings and factories were not included in the analysis and the term “damaged buildings” implies that the buildings were heavily damaged or collapsed that they were inappropriate for living without proper repair. Furthermore, the cause of the damage was limited to the seismic vibration itself. The damages caused by secondary disasters such as liquefaction, landslides, fire and explosions were not included in this calculation.
The earthquake resistant property of buildings differs from area to area and from country to country. The relationship between the seismic force and the damage ratio is not always the same, even if the type of buildings are similar. Different methods of construction is the main reason for such differences. Moreover, the collection of the seismic national disaster record and the establishment of a damage function based on the local experiences seemed to be important factors in the damage estimation. In doing so, damage reports of Ghir (Ambraseys et al. 1972), Tabas (Berberian 1979; Berberian et al. 1979), Golbaft (Adeli 1982 ), and Manjil (Tsukuda et al. 1990) earthquakes were adopted to the damage estimation by Karimi (2011).
In the damage estimation process, it was supposed that the main structures having key roles in the emergency and relief operation (e.g. hospitals, fire stations, etc.) had been retrofitted.
b. Human casualty estimation considering north Tehran fault ...
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About 523 person-hours were spent in brainstorming sessions and 336 hours in NGT sessions.
The reason for employing the NGT in the last above stage was due to the fact that the NGT uses a more structured format to obtain multiple inputs from several people on a particular problem or issue and also because it prevents the domination of discussion by a single person, encourages the more passive group members to participate, and results in a set of prioritized solutions or recommendations (Sample 1984). We needed to leverage the anonymous voting of the NGT and minimizing the dominance of the some participants over other ones in the technical matters of the project through providing equal opportunities for participations in the NGT. Furthermore, this method minimizes the communication noise that is customary in other team creativity techniques.
In 1910 a series of fifty-two earthquakes struck Arizona between September 10th-23rd and it caused much of the Flagstaff residents to flee the area as even strong households cracked and chimneys crumbled. The fifty-two earthquakes were all light-shock earthquakes with magnitudes between 4.0-4.2 that came right after another. If only one earthquake occurred in that timespan then it is likely that only objects would be knocked from shelves but no damage would be done to infrastructure, but the earthquakes happened right after another causing significant slight
Earthquakes happen about 20,000 times a year worldwide. They can destroy almost anything.In 2011, Japan had 9.1 magnitude earthquake, close to the highest magnitude of 9.2 in Alaska. They suffered tremendous damage from such a strong earthquake. The year before Haiti suffered from a 7.0 magnitude earthquake, still quite high compared to small tremors at magnitude 0-2. Japan recovered and rebuilt much faster than haiti did though. Haiti isn't even quite done recovering yet. The earthquakes had such different effects on the countries because of their economy, the condition of their people, and population rates.
We all have had individual ideas that we used to support each one of us. We proceeded with the project with an open mind and made every effort to go according to what was discussed before embarking on the task. It could be said that the reason we were successful was that we followed all the sequences as discussed, especially the last one. It was apparent that we were all committed to the success of the team, we were able to motivate each other by engaging all the team members to aim to achieve at the highest level. We all followed open communication to follow the processes in
The attacks of September 11 were some of the worst ever experienced in the history of the United States. These attacks generated a widespread feeling of insecurity and uncertainty throughout America, compelling the government to revise safety measures and protocol pertaining to the wellbeing of the United States. However, some aspects of security under modification, such as building codes, are being questioned by many. The collapse of the twin towers, due to the impact from the airplanes, spurred a movement focused on strengthening the integrity of skyscrapers and other high-rise buildings throughout the United States. Though the terrorist attacks proved to be a tremendous tragedy, the application of measures this great is not seen as a proven necessity. The circumstances of the incident proved to be so extraordinary that dramatic modifications to the structure of building should not take place because of such an event. Therefore, the building codes of skyscrapers should not be changed due to the terrorist attacks of September 11.
Problem solving skills are a key element of productive group work. Problem solving skills are not given by nature; these skills are a result of hard work and training. Structured problem solving techniques are very effective way of solving the problem. This technique allows teams to learn how to figure out solutions to the problems (3 ). The three most common methods developed to improve problem solving in groups are the Standard Agenda, the Functional perspective, and Single Question format. In this paper we will cover the Standard Agenda methods as a problem solving procedure (1).
Proactive management of the decision-making process can minimize the threat of groupthink compromising the quality of decisions. Managers can place importance of having a wide variety of options and idea brought to the table. Encouraging employees to thoroughly analyze all aspects of the options, from the moral and ethical implications, to the response they can expect from their opposition. With each decision appoint one or more group member to play devil’s advocate to the suggested options, ask that person to analyze and make a case against each of the suggestions (Sims & Sauser, 2013). Rotate this position throughout the group so that one person is not refuting the groups ideas consistently. Continually encouraging and rewarding contrasting views can hedge the complacency groups fall into after working together for periods of time. Management should be active listeners in the decision-making process being careful to not assert their preference towards a certain option to avoid the group conforming to the preferences of their superiors before the options are fully analyzed (Rose, 2011). Finally, after a decision has been made and the analysis has been completed before implementing or going public with the idea reconvene and go through the choose plan of action one last time to ensure that new information has not become available and
Earthquakes can be very dangerous but what matters the most is that everybody is safe, and that we need to work together. One earthquake, in the Philippines, was truly devastating. It was classified as a 7.2 magnitude. The Philippines responded very well by gathering their resources, spreading the word, and giving donations. They bounced back very quickly.
Earthquakes commonly have consequences that are unexpected by an environment they occur in. The consequences may be tsunamis, buildings collapsing, structures distorting, landslides, and liquefaction.
All buildings which collapsed presented inadequate structures for clay soil. This occurred mainly because of corruption and poor planning. Most of collapsed buildings were recently built. The Government's negligence was the main culprit which impacted of the huge number of deaths. While other structures that were very old and built for the type of clay terrain withstood the earthquake. Surveys after the earthquake showed most of the fallen buildings had specifications lower than those demanded in the contracts. But no one was ever charged nor convicted. Particularly serious was the case of the state builder in charge of the construction of schools. Their executives were left unpunished despite the high number of destroyed schools and schoolchildren who were killed.
The study used approximately 500 people who were interviewed to assist in accessing necessary information about the collapse of the building. The study identified some individuals who acted as the sample representing the whole region. The research noted that many people got injuries as others seriously fell ill. Other people who were in the building and at close range died of the disaster. The study, therefore, intended to investigate the actual or approximate number that the catastrophe affected concerning death, injuries or loss of
Working in teams provides an opportunity for individuals to come together and establish a rapport towards others within a group. Teamwork is classified as people with different strengths and skills who work together to achieve a common goal. When a team works well, specific objectives are fulfilled and satisfied. Teamwork plays a crucial role in implementing and fulfilling a common goal in a team project. Each member plays a role and takes on different responsibilities combined together. In different stages of teamwork, conflicts and arguments may occur for as members have different standpoints which need to be harmonized within the team. The key to having an effective teamwork is to explore each member's unique abilities to motivate them.
Group decision making has many benefits for the individuals involved and the organization itself. In order for group decision making to be efficient, it is important for a creative environment to exist. “Creativity is the mental and social process used to generate ideas, concepts and associations that lead to the exploration of new ideas (May, 2011, para.3). This allows each employee to explore ideas and feel comfortable to share them without fear of rejection.
... although we may never be able to understand exactly what soil failures can occur when a natural disasters take place, as time goes on and testing instruments and materials advance we will hopefully have a better understanding of what we can do to avoid soil failures and come up with a better and more sufficient method of improving the soils structure and strength permanently. While researching the information for this report I feel I have a much better understanding for construction geo-technics and foundations especially regarding the deformation, liquefaction and pile information related to this specific event. I hope to carry the information I have learned from this event into the construction field and apply them towards an authentic project that’s taking place and know that the information, regarding soils, I have given input on will be precise and accurate.
In working group there is many view points with new creative ideas to how to operate task.
Johns Hopkins University. (2009, March). In disaster-prone areas, construction needs a new approach. Retrieved from http://phys.org/news157051992.html