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An essay on crude oil
AN ESSAY ABOUT CRUDE OIL
sepration techniques crude oil distillation
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Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons
Petroleum, also known as crude oil is formed from fossilized remains of marine plants and animals that settled on the sea floor millions of years ago. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons molecules including parrafins, aromatics, napthenes/ cycloalkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms that form various structures from straight chains to branching chains and rings. Hydrocarbons with low molecular weights, such as propane (C3H8) are in a gaseous form. Octane and kerosene are both liquids and have medium molecular weights, whilst the larger hydrocarbons are solids such as tar and bitumen.
Fractional Distillation
Oil drilling occurs both at land and at sea, and is then transported to an oil refinery. Fractional distillation is the process in which the different length hydrocarbon chains are separated by their boiling points, which are dependent on the length. These different length chains are called fractions. The shorter carbon chains evaporate more easily than the longer chains. In order to separate the different length chains in crude oil, the mixture is heated at very high temperatures in a distillation tower. The distillation tower becomes progressively cooler from the base to the top and as all the hydrocarbons begin in the gaseous stage they rise. As the vapours rise fractional condensation occurs at different sections of the tower (Roger, 2010).
Some products that come from crude oil include; petroleum gas, naphtha, petroleum, kerosene, lubricating oil, fuel oil and residuals such as asphalt and tar. Although all fractions of crude oil have uses, the greatest demand requires that over 50% of the crude oil be converted...
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Petroleum seepages, in some form or another have been around since ancient times for boat caulking, road mending, and as medicine, however, the modern petroleum industry was truly born with the first drilled oil well in August 1859 by Edwin L. Drake at Titusville, PA. (Laudon, 347) At first, in the United States, oil production was controlled by small operators but by the late 1870's John D. Rockfeller had purchased most of the nation's refineries-controlling the United States industry. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1911 split Rockfeller's Standard Oil Trust into three smaller companies; today they are known as Mobil, Chevron, and Exxon. (Lynch, 214) Since that time, oil has become a major part of everyone's way of life. Oil is used to provide fuel for automobiles, tractors, trucks, aircraft and ships. Petroleum products are the basic materials used for the manufacture of synthetic fibers for clothing and in plastics, paints, fertilizers, insecticides, soaps, and synthetic rubber etc... (Lynch, 207) Due to this demand, companies are constantly searching for more oil deposits.
Gasoline as we know it today comes from crude oil. Crude oil, which is a fossil fuel, is a nonrenewable (once its gone, its gone for good) fuel source. Fossil fuel is comprised of naturally decaying plants and animals which once lived in oceans and seas millions of years ago. Where we find crude oil deposits we also find ancient oceans and seabeds. When extracted from the earth, crude oil may have colors ranging from clear to jet black and resistance to flow or viscosity from water to a molasses type substance.
Oil sands are unconventional petroleum deposits that consist of loose sand and partially consolidated sand stone that contains natural mixtures of natural clay, sand and water which is saturated with a highly viscous form of petroleum that flows extremely slowly known as bitumen (Yunchez, 2012).
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
Petroleum is made from crude oil. Crude oil is a combination of many different hydrocarbons. Crude oil is considered a ‘fossil fuel’ because it is formed from deceased plants and animals.
(Ke C 10,11) Refineries often use cracking to produce chemicals from oil which can be useful precursors.
Crude oil has may different forms that are found in different parts of the world.1)very light Crude which is used to make gasoline, Jet fuel and Kerosine this oil is highly volatile and can evaporate in a matter of days.2) Light crude which is also used for gasoline and other fuels including diesel oil. These oils are not as volatile but care moderately toxic and evaporate less quickly.3)Medium oils, which accounts for most of the cru...
“We are too busy to stop and think about the daily consumption of oil and gas, but almost everything we use or do has been produced using petroleum.” (Menezes,2014). Not many can understand that you can almost take anything you use in an everyday life and trace it back to petroleum oil. It is a huge commodity and sometimes I would believe that it can be just as important as water.
of uses after it is refined. Some of the more well-known uses for petroleum products are as
Crude oil is one of the most important natural resource of the industrialized countries as well as one of the most versatile natural resources too. Crude oil can take thousands of years to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are being consumed. Because of this many scientist argue that because the time and process of producing crude oil it should be considered rather a non-renewable resource. Crude oil can be found in many of our everyday products such as plastics, detergents, paints, and even medicines in addition to fueling our multifaceted transportation system including airplanes, trains, vehicles, and big rig trucks. With the amount of industries that depend on crude oil, Earths ever increasing population, and the demand for crude oil we must develop alternatives to using crude oil. At our current rate of consumption, we could possibly deplete our current supply, then man us beneficiaries, would suffer. Think of all the things you could not do without crude oil? For instance, what if your home or business heating system was built using gas? How would your children get to school or you get to work
With up to 150 million tons of plastic being consumed each year since the 1950s, it is clear that this polymer plays a critical role in everyday life (Icpeenvis.nic.in, 2011). A polymer is a substance made from identical monomers (molecules) joined together to form one large molecule (Smith et al., 2006). Plastic is often made from petrochemicals, with thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers being the two forms (Helmenstine, 2016). These are found ubiquitously, from packaging to health care. However, with the production and disposal of plastic at an all-time high, this can have devastating environmental effects. For this reason, a versatile plastic which is biodegradable, and produced from sustainable
Did you know that most of the earth consist of oil?Most of the Middle East has most of the oil. The three main things that you need to know about oil is where is it located, how much oil is in the United states, and how does oil form. Almost 50,000 oil fields were found in the 1860’s. Most of the underground oil explored are located in difficult environments. Valenzuela had the most oil in the in 2013 with 20%.
Crude petroleum is separated into its component compounds by fractional distillation. The procedure involves a sample of the petroleum to be heated until the sample is vaporized leaving behind any solid impurities. The resulting steam enters a fractional distillation column in which a temperature gradient had been instilled. The temperature of the column decreases as the steam rises through the column. The idea is that, as the temperature of the column decreases, the vapor temperature will decrease. When the boiling point of a compound is passed, the compound will condense on the sides of the column and be collected in the fraction well at that point. Thus the mixture is separated into fractions of compounds with similar boiling points in a mixture.4 Adamantane’s high boiling point caused it to be one of the initial compounds to condense with the kerosene fraction in the 190o C cut.5
Introduction : Non-petroleum lubricants are made up of synthetic compounds or compounds that are not purely refined from crude oil , they include
The oil refinery converts crude oil into valuable products and supplies. These products are made and sent to many countries abroad, in which are transported on land or along rivers and canals. Crude oil is then arranged and categorized into segments by fractional distillation. Raw crude oil, or unprocessed crude oil, is not normally beneficial in most industrial applications. Low sulfur crude oil has been valuable as a burner fuel to construct steam for the force of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements have the ability to construct explosive and dangerous vapors in the gas tanks. There are extremely hazardous, and are often used in war ships. The remaining hydrocarbon molecules are filtered from crude oil and used towards lubricants, feedstock, plastics, and fuels.