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use of technology in crime investigation
types of crime
use of technology in crime investigation
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I. Introduction
Instances of property crime have a tendency to fluctuate particularly when the economy is in a state of decline; however, a report just released by the FBI claims property crimes have decreased based on averages taken from reporting agencies for the first six months of 2013 (Minegar, 2014). While actual incidences of property crime may have decreased the methods used in committing these crimes continues to change with advances in technology. Crimes like identity theft are reported regularly. Computer technology, the internet, and jurisdictional boundaries each pose difficulty in identification of person’s intent on amassing their fortunes by stealing from others. This paper will attempt to identify how taking is applicable in shoplifting cases, how security is trained to address these issues, explain what constitutes a home invasion, and why statutes have been implemented to allow home invasion to be considered a crime separate from other forms of robbery or burglary, and to clarify the definition of cybercrime as well as how the governments are attempting to combat it.
II. Shoplifting: Taking requirements and security training
“Taking is the act of obtaining physical possession or control of another’s property (Gardner & Anderson, 2012, p. 349)”. Retail theft or shoplifting has always been an issue for merchants. Shoplifting is defined as the unlawful concealment and/or taking of property offered for sale and as an attempt to deprive the owner of said property, usually the retail merchant, and the possession of that property without paying for it (Thomson Reuters, 2014). Taking in shoplifting cases can also be described as willful intent to deceive by way of altering price tags, changing or altering packaging...
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Minegar, B. (2014, February 19). FBI reports decrease in violent crimes, property crimes. Retrieved March 4, 2014, from JURIST Legal News and Research Services, Inc.: http://jurist.org/paperchase/2014/02/fbi-reports-decreases-in-violent-crimes-property-crimes.php
The Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2014). Cyber Crime. Retrieved March 8, 2014, from The Federal Bureau of Investigation: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/cyber/cyber
The Florida Legislature. (1995-2014). Theft, Robbery, and Related Crimes. Retrieved March 6, 2014, from The 2013 Florida Statutes: http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0812/Sections/0812.135.html
Thomson Reuters. (2014). Shoplifting. Retrieved March 5, 2014, from Findlaw.com: http://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/shoplifting.html
In the United States, local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, including FBI, Department of Homeland Security, among others, have taken on roles to fight computer crimes and terrorism. The roles and responses of these law enforcement agencies concerning digital crime have created challenges that limit enforcement efforts against digital crime.
Levitt, S. D. (2004). Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the
In 1920, the gangster era began. This brought a new type of crime into play that had not been seen before. Criminals were kidnapping and robbing banks, both of which were not federal crimes at that time. In 1932 the passage of a federal kidnapping statute made it a criminal act. In 1934, many other federal criminal statutes were passed, and Congress gave Special Agents the authority to make arrests and to carry firearms.
Sherman, L., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P., & Bushway, S. (1998). Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising in Brief, Report to the United States Congress. National Institute of Justice.
Rosenfeld, R., & Fornado, R. (2007). The impact of economic conditions on robbery and property crime: The role of consumer sentiment. Criminology, 45, 735-769.
Martynenko, Natalia, and Eduard Martynenko. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Confiscating Property as a Criminal Law Measure." Internal Security 3.1 (2011): 225-30. Criminal Justice Abstracts with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 15 June 2015.
FBI. (2013, January 13). The FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved from Federal Bureau of Investigation: http://www.fbi.gov/
9. Sherman L., Gottfredson D., MacKenzie D., Eck J., Reuter P., Bushway S. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. A Report to the United States Congress. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 1997.
In modern days, there is a type of crime that is growing very fast. It has become a very popular crime because it’s easily done, and it doesn’t leave a big trace, whether the crime is successful or not. The crime in question is Identity theft. Identity theft is a crime that involves a person or group pretending to be someone else for their own personal wants. The criminals use personal financial information such as social security number, bank and card information, your address and other personal information. According to the Insurance Information Institute, 15.4 million U.S. consumers have been victim to this crime, amounting to a loss of $16 billion, making it the most growing crime
Violent Crime Up, Property Crime Down." FBI. FBI, 16 Sept. 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.
67. Politicians, responding to the nations fear of crime, have attempted to outdo each other in being “tougher of crime”. This attention toward our nations fear of crime has resulted in the addition of police officers, the building of more prisons, extending the death penalty to cover sixty federal offenses, and mandating longer sentences. The homicide rate in the United States was more than twice the homicide rate in Canada and many times that in other countries. However, the victimization rates for assault and robbery were lower for Americans than for Canadians, Australians, and Spaniards. Outbreaks of violence have occurred throughout history starting with the post-Civil War era. This was eventually followed by organized crime and an increase in the murder rate throughout the 1930’s. During the 1950’s crime rates decreased only to increase once again in the 1980’s. Today crime rates are down whether Americans choose to accept this or not. Murder rates are well below the record setting 1930’s and violent crime has decreased 33 % since 1993.
From 1991-2000, statistically there was a dramatic decline in crime nationally. The statistics studied were of all categories of crimes considered serious, including: homicides which decreased by 39%; rape which decreased by 41%; robbery which decreased by 44%; aggravated assault which decreased by 24%; burglary which decreased by 41%; auto theft which decreased by 37%; and larceny which decreased by 23%. The statistics show a range of decline of 23-44%! (United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation 1990, 2000. Uniform Crime Report. Washington, D.C.) The evidence indicates that the benefit of declining crime rates are concentrated on specific groups with...
The U.S. Department of Labor (2011) reported the national average of unemployment for 2008 was 5.8 percent. The rate dramatically increased in 2009 with an average of 9.3 percent and 9.6 percent for 2010. While unemployment rates have increased, the FBI’s preliminary reports for 2010 show that law enforcement agencies across the U.S. have reported a decrease of 6.2 percent in the number of violent crimes for the first 6 months of 2010 when compared to figures reported for the same time in 2009. The violent crime category includes rape, murder, robbery, and aggravated result. The number of property crimes also decreased 2.8 percent when compared to the same time last year. Property crimes include burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. Arson decreased 14.6 percent when compared to the same time periods of 2009 (FBI, 2011).
These types of crimes have become a matter of importance for the consumers as well the business firms because it involves large eviction of the amount in terms of money. In these types of crimes, computer and Internet are the primary factor (Spinello, 2000). A high percentage of population is using computers in the Australia, United States as well as other developed nations. These people are much more connected with the world by the use of internet. They are using the computer for fun, business, e-commerce, e-marketing, etc.; thus, it has become an essential part of life and daily routine (Wall, 2008).
Lenard, Thomas I. “Identity Theft Is a Declining Problem.” Cyber Crime. Ed. Louise I. Gerdes.