CRICKETS AND THEIR REACTION TO DIFFERENT STIMULI, LIGHT, SOUND, AND TOUCH
Introduction
According to Dorothea Kohstall-Schnell and Heribert Gras, Nicklaus, R found in his study most insects have fine hairs and/ or other structures for detecting movement such as wind and sound. (Activity of Giant Interneurones and other Wind-Sensitive Elements of the Terminal Ganglion in the Walking Cricket. Kohstall-Schnell, D. Gras, H. 1994).The cricket is equipped with these hair sensory structures. According to Dorothea Kohstall-Schnell and Heribert Gras, Palka, J. and Olberg, R found these structures trigger sensory cells and the message then passes through neurons to reach the terminal ganglion. (Activity of Giant Interneurones and other Wind-Sensitive Elements of the Terminal Ganglion in the Walking Cricket. Kohstall-Schnell, D. Gras, H. 1994). Dingle and Fox (1966) recently demonstrated that light also has an effect on cricket’s brain responses. Crickets are an easy invertebrate to test; they are mobile and are known for jumping and their mating noises. The crickets will react to different stimuli, light, sound, and motion, when placed on ice. The cricket’s movement will gradually increase as another stimulus is added on, making the three stimuli the highest amount of movement. With the crickets being cooled down they will be less mobile, but the stimuli will still have an effect on them. This experiment was chosen because crickets are easily accessed, as well as the rest of the materials used in this lab. The experiment started out being a simple hot vs. cold experiment with crickets, then it was given stimuli to make the lab more thought-provoking.
Methods
First, cut out one entire side of a taller tupperware container and replaced ...
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...f the crickets on ice perfectly steady.
Literature Cited
Dingle H, Fox SS (1966) Microelectrode Analysis of Light Responses in the Brain of the Cricket (Gryllus &mes~icus). J. cell physiology... 68: 45-60
Nicklaus, R. (1965). Die Erregung einzelner Fadenhaare von Periplaneta americana in Abhängigkeitvon der Größe und Richtung der Auslenkung. Z. vergl. Physiol. 50, 331–362.
Kohstall-Schnell, D. Gras, H. (1994). Activity of Giant Interneurones and other Wind-Sensitive Elements of the Terminal Ganglion in the Walking Cricket. J. exp. Biol. 193, 157–181 (1994)
Palka, J. and Olberg, R. (1977). The cercus-to-giant interneuron system of crickets. III. Receptive field organization. J. comp. Physiol. 119, 301–317
Activity of Giant Interneurones and other Wind-Sensitive Elements of the Terminal Ganglion in the Walking Cricket. Kohstall-Schnell, D. Gras, H. (1994).
To conduct the experiment, the beetles were massed, then attached to a petri dish with a 30 centimeter piece of dental floss. The beetle’s mass was the independent variable. Afterwards, the floss was tied to the beetle’s midsection with a slip knot. Then, the beetle was placed on a piece of fabric with the petri dish attached to it. As soon as the beetle was able to move with one paperclip inside the petri dish, more were added, one by one, until it could not move any further. After the beetle could not pull any more, the paperclips were massed and the results were recorded. The dependent variable was the mass that the beetles could pull. No control group was included in this experiment.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe the softball swing anatomically, mechanically, and analytically. By analyzing each move one makes when...
If you hit the ball at a bat's "nodes", the frequencies (each bat vibrates at several low and high frequencies at once, which is like the harmonics of stringed instruments) cancel out and since this happens you don't feel the sting in your hands that you experience when you hit the ball at different points on the bat.
Jones, D. H. (2006-2010). Chapter 3: The Nervous System and the Brain. Retrieved from http://www.nasalspecific.com/nasalspecific_011.htm
Let’s say that there is a mechanical sense. If someone touched your hand, your somatosensory system will detect various stimuli by your skin’s sensory receptors. The sensory information is then conveyed to the central nervous system by afferent neurons. The neuron’s dendrites will pass that information to the cell body, and on to its axon. From there it is passed onto the spinal cord or the brainstem. The neuron's ascending axons will cross to the opposite side either in the spinal cord or in the brainstem. The axons then terminates in the thalamus, and on into the Brodmann Area of the parietal lobe of the brain to process.
Nagel argues that although we may understand the way bats use sonar to perceive their world, to fly and catch insects, we will never know what it is like to be a bat using sonar, precisely because we are not bats. Our understanding of bat sonar can only be a physiological and functional account; we will only ever have a view of bat sonar from the outside. Imagine what sonar must feel like inside, to a bat! In the same way that there is something it is like for us to see the world using our eyes (i.e. colours, hue and depth in our visual field), surely there must also be something it is like for bats perceiving the world through sonar.
The human brain and that of any species contains nerve cells that link to each other connecting the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body (Johnson, 2013). These nerve cells are neurons that connected through synapses in a web-like fashion forming neural networks (Coon & Mitterer, 2001). Neural networks make generation and transmission of action potentials (known as electrical impulses) possible along neurons. An action potential is generated across an axon hillock of a nerve cell and is propagated along the axon by the opening of voltage-gated ion channels one after the other causing positive ions to flow in and out the axon (Johnson, 2013).
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These tasks are accomplished through the mechnoreceptors of the three semicircular canals, the utricle and the saccule (3). Like the neighboring auditory system, each canal has hair cells that detect minute changes in fluid displacement, but unlike the auditory system, the utricle and the saccule send information to the brain regarding linear acceleration and head tilt. Shaking your head ënoí employs one of these canals. Likewise, there is a canal that detects head movement in the ëyesí position, and there is yet another semicircular canal that detects motion from moving your head from shoulder to shoulder (4).
Nerve cells generate electrical signals to transmit information. Neurons are not necessarily intrinsically great electrical conductors, however, they have evolved specialized mechanisms for propagating signals based on the flow of ions across their membranes.
Sperry, R. W. (1963, October 15). Chemoaffinity in the Orderly Growth of Nerve Fiber Patterns and Connection. Natioanl Academy of Science, 50(4), 703-710.
...on on the position of the head in space for static equilibrium making it essential for maintaining appropriate posture and balance, where as dynamic they detect linear acceleration and deceleration. There are two kinds of cells in the two maculae, hair cells and supporting cells. The hair cells are the sensory receptors. Laying over the hair cells are columnar supporting cells that probably secrete the thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer called the otolithic membrane and over the membrane is a layer of dense calcium carbonate crystals called otoliths. When the head is tilted, the otoliths shift, and the hairs beneath respond to the change in pressure and bending the hair bundles.