Janlokpal to Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill, 2011
The genesis of the demand for the Janlokpal Bill lay in the indefinite hunger strike undertaken by Anna Hazare on April 5, 2011. This prompted the government to form joint drafting committee consisting of ministers and civil society members. Despite Team Anna and the drafting committee being on different pages regarding the formulation of the bill, the government version of the Lokpal Bill , 2011 was introduced in Parliament. Additionally, the Lokpal Bill, 2010 was considered a diluted version of the Janlokpal for it provided no whistleblower’s protection, there was no inclusion of the PM, independence of the CBI was not addressed and could not take punitive action in terms of confiscating disproportionate assets etc. This yet again led to a public uproar prompting Anna Hazare to sit on a second round of hunger strike. This led to the introduction of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill, 2011 (thereby withdrawing Lokpal Bill, 2011) in December 2011 which was passed by the Lok Sabha and sent to the Rajya Sabha.
Finally, the Bill was finally passed on 18th December,2013 after passing through a Select Committee of the Rajya Sabha and has secured the Presidential assent as well making its way to being an Act with the Lokpal at the Centre and Lokayuktas in the states.
Naturally, the current discourse on this ombudsman is based on the nomenclature of the Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill, 2011 and not as Janlokpal. The Bill is to provide for the establishment of a body of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto .
The negotiations and the consequent changes...
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...//www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-highlights-anomalies-in-lokpal-bill/article5606170.ece [Accessed: 3 Mar 2014].
The Indian Express. (2014). Lokpal selection process won’t yield best candidate, says fali, declines role. [online] Retrieved from: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/lokpal-selection-process-wont-yield-best-candidate-says-fali-declines-role/ [Accessed: 1 Mar 2014].
The Lokpal And Lokayuktas Bill, 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Lok%20Pal%20Bill%202011/Lokpal%20and%20Lokayuktas%20Bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf [Accessed: 3 Mar 2014].
Unodc.org. (2011). India: government ratifies two UN conventions related to transnational organized crime and corruption. [online] Retrieved from: https://www.unodc.org/southasia//frontpage/2011/may/indian-govt-ratifies-two-un-conventions.html [Accessed: 26 Feb 2014].
Next in 1899, 1907, 1954 the International Peace Convention (originally The Hague Convention) where held because, in the last wars multiple cultural, art, literature and artifacts pieces were destroyed. Also, the community notice the rise in technology of weapons. The rules of war from the two convention consist of National and Cultural Symbols, Chemical and Biological warfare, Wounded and Sick Soldiers, POW (Geneva III), Civilians and Occupation, and Cultural Property. All of those are rules of war and the are severe consequences if they are broken. The United Nations and International Court of Justice (also known as the World Court) will take care of war crimes. Multiple other organizations were made by the U.N. to take care of certain wars for people such as, Nazi's and The Civil war in Yugoslavia. All countries are suppose to respect and follow the rules of war no matter the
In Annawadi, the slum setting of the book “Behind the Beautiful Forevers,” nearly everything falls under the law of the free market. Things that most countries deem “basic rights,” the Indian people of Annawadi have to pay for. Clean water, education, and medical attention from hospitals are just a few things that are exploited by police officers, gangs and slumlords. The liberalization of India caused the country to begin a process of economic reform. People from the countryside flocked to the cities to find work in the new booming economy that no longer depended on its agriculture. With the increase in population around the bustling cities, came competiveness for opportunity. This competiveness made poverty rates skyrocket, making corruption (and corrupt activities) in Annawadi the only clear way of making it out of the slums. “In the West, and among some in the Indian elite, this word, corruption, had purely negative connotations; it was seen as blocking India’s modern, global ambitions. But for the poor of the country where corruption thieved a great deal of opportunity, corrupti...
Serpico (1973) is a movie that reveals the true story of Frank Serpico who was the only honest cop in the New York police sector at his time. The film shows the realistic view of the corruption that was evidenced in the New York police and highlights the character of Frank as being honest and courageous. Although he started as an inexperienced cop, he later worked as an undercover officer and was determined to bust all the criminal activities especially the drug dealers and pushers. Unlike the other cops, Serpico refused to take any bribes from the wrongdoers. More so, he felt that the other officers were doing wrong by accepting bribes and wanted to expose the situation. The other officers were so corrupt that they collected more money through bribes than the salary they earned, a situation that did not please Serpico. His strong stand concerning corruption made his friends turn against him, placing his life in danger. The anti-corruption efforts of Serpico jeopardized his life at the hands of his colleagues. He was later transferred to the Narcotics Squad where he was shot by a drug dealer after his partners betrayed him by failing to support him. The cop was then rushed to hospital. The shooting made Frank deaf since it affected the brain, rendering
From drug dealing to high-tech computer crimes, international organized crime is unique to every organization and each fraction of the organization. Despite the wide range in histories, structure, and activities, overlap does occur, and it is always seen in the lack of effort to stop the organized crime groups. On a local level, the authorities have tried to stop the expansion of organized crime. However, on an international level, little is being done to prevent, stop, and bring justice to offenders.
In the book, The Jungle, the readers comprehend a traditional American story of the tragic lives of immigrants coming to this country in search of new life, and instead finding greed and corruption. People who came into America in the time period of the late 1800’s to early 1900’s experienced a whole new world not quite what they were expecting. Living conditions and homes were not treated as well as the lower class American homes were. Wages were at an all time low with a decreased purchasing power of immigrant’s money. Everywhere they turned, someone was there waiting to cheat them. The government, political machines, and even everyday merchants on the streets treated immigrants
Death and decay often convey corruption within a story. The use of this particular imagery allows one to make a connection between the natural world and the nature of people. Throughout Hamlet, a play, set in Denmark, which was written in the early seventeenth century by William Shakespeare, there are several instances where one sees decay depicting corruption. Though this play is filled with massive images of decaying nature, it is also filled with images of nature in its beautiful state. Because Hamlet portrays decaying and developing nature, it shows one that it is possible to maintain a sense of self in a world that strives on corruption.
Such blatant cases of misgivings are hardly a rare sight in the cesspool that the Indian media is. And we are a spoilt bunch of junkies. Junkies so hopped on to smoking a pile of irrelevant garbage and dying for a fix every now and then anyway because otherwise, the tolerance bleeds us dry from the inside.
For numerous years, corruption within the police department has been a national problem. The corruption is not only limited to America, it reaches parts of Asia and Europe. Police officers are investigated regarding this issue, with good judgement. Corruption and misconduct in the police department are evident in various embodiment.
There is a collective existence of different forms legal systems, because of the country’s diversity in culture, language and religion. This diversity is able to flourish in India only because of representation of different communities. Diversity and pluralism are acknowledged in India which safeguards the interests of different social groups and communities. This led to law being seen as necessarily pluralistic. However, after colonisation there was an effort made by the British to make law uniform, an essential condition in what was seen as ‘modern law’. Nonetheless, after independence an effort was made to have a pluralistic legal system as this would lead to better representation of different communities. This is how the Panchayati Raj system, a form of local self-government came about. Panchayats were reintroduced in 1992 after the British rule, and there a panchayat in every town of village. The people of the village elect the members of the ‘panch’, whose responsibility is the local administration of the village. In many places, gram panchayats are also known as gram sabhas. In this manner, different forms of legal pluralism shape everyday ordering and disputing in rural and urban India. They relate to formal law as well as customary legal orders equally. The two governance systems interact, which can be termed as formal law and traditional law. Customary law is also termed as unnamed law as it does not refer to a specific basis of
“On November 21, 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted resolution 174 (II), establishing the International Law Commission and approving its statute.”[2] The International Law Commission encourages the development of international law and its codification. The Commission deals primarily with public international law, but also hears private cases as well.[3] International law is applied within an international community, such as the United Nations, and functions to define the proper norms or standards for members to abide by in a collective manner. Examples of such standards could be a ruling on The Universal Declaration of Human Rights or on threats to peace within the International Community.
The Web. 16 Nov. 2011. http://hindu.com/2001/06/22/stories/05221348.htm>. "BBC News | SOUTH ASIA | Protest against Kashmir 'disappearances'" BBC News - Home. 10 Mar. 2000.
Weiss, T. G., 2009. What's Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix it. 1st ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
The existence of bribery and unethical behavior is rampant in the world market and may not change overnight. The question of bribery has been distilled in business literature as a question of ethics. In this situation at the airport with the customs officer, it is important to distinguish between business ethics and personal ethics. In a business ethics situation, the Foreign Corruption Practices Act would prohibit offering any bribe to the custom office – for example to free a shipment of goods that was lost in red tape (Pitman & Sanford, 2006). Most companies also have policies against bribery as well. In this situation, however the main issue at hand is that of personal ethics. When in a situation where your company is unknown and there is no business being conducted, normal business ethics and laws (including FCPA) do not apply only personal ethical standards.
SANDU, A., & NIŢU, M. (2013). CORRUPTION AND ORGANIZED CRIME. Contemporary Readings In Law & Social Justice, 5(2), 454-460.
On July 17, 1998, a conference of 160 States established the first treaty-based permanent international criminal court (Hebel, n.d.). The treaty adopted is known as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It sets out the crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the ICC, the rules of procedure and the mechanisms for states to cooperate with the ICC (Hebel, n.d.). The main court of the ICC is in the Netherlands, but proceedings from the ICC may occur elsewhere in the world. The ICC is funded by 122 countries, and so...