INTRODUCTION Our article title is “The Origin of the Naked Grains of Maize” which introduces the research performed to explain one aspect of the large variation between maize and Mexican teosinte from which maize was domesticated. The paper goes into how maize has evolved from teosinte and the genetic experimentation performed in order to demonstrate that maize evolved from teosinte. This is an interesting research topic because both of their genotypes are so similar yet their phenotypes are so dramatically different that it resulted in a question of whether maize did in fact evolve directly from teosinte and are members of the same species (Zea Mays) or if it is just a completely different species. Plant Morphology: In order to fully understand the research done in the article, one must be familiar with general plant morphology. Plant morphology basically means the structure of the plant and in our case, the form of corn plants. First off, all plants consist of three different parts: roots, stems and leaves. However, it should be remembered that even though all plants may consist of these three parts, this does not mean that the stems, leaves, and roots of each plant will look the same as the next. Therefore, this should also be noted when viewing Zea Mays plants as well; not all corn plants are going to look the same. We can show this by comparing the physical differences of maize and teosinte. Modern maize presents itself with a single primary shoot which is a stem with all of its leaves, whereas teosinte presents itself with many lateral branches that have their own sets of leaves attached to them. Another major difference is that Teosinte’s fruit (the individual kernels) is enclosed within a stony... ... middle of paper ... ...ersity Genetics Department. 2 Aug 2004. Rutgers University. 29 Oct 2006. HKA_Documentation.htm> Renart J, Reiser J, Stark GR. "Transfer of proteins from gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and detection with antisera: a method for studying antibody specificity and antigen structure", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Jul;76(7):3116-20. “Selective sweep”. Wikipedia. 2006. 13 November 2006. Towbin H, Staehelin T, Gordon J. "Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Sep;76(9):4350-4. Wang, Nussbaum-Wagler, Li, Zhao, Vigouroux, Faller, Bomblies, Lukens & Doebley. “The Origin of the naked grains of maize.” Nature. Vol. 436. 4 August 2005. 714-719.
The Popol Vuh doesn’t fall short in referencing and glorifying maize. One such reference in the Popol Vuh categorizes maize as a way to determine fate; if an ear of maize is planted and dries up, it indicates death. The article, “The Flowering of the Dead” concludes, “In Atiteco religion, ‘Flowering Mountain Earth’ is a place at the world’s centre whose primary manifestation is a maize plant or tree.” (Carlsen 27). A “Flowering Mountain Earth” is the center of the world that represents life, beauty, and the gods. Among this place, maize is an important object that animates and projects the qualities of a Flowering Mountain Earth. Maize is axis mundi, the center of the world. It is a staple crop in the Maya people; it is essential to the people and heavily relied on. The Maya saw maize as a fetish that truly gave them everything. Without it, everything that ties the Maya together falls apart. Successful growth of maize represents the life and well-being of the Maya, while a dying maize plant all but points to death and the failure of civilization. It is with the importance of maize in Maya culture, that it is omnipresent throughout the Popol
In the first third of the book, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, by Michael Pollan, he draws the reader in by bringing to light many interesting facts about corn that most individuals may not realize. He states that the majority of food that people consume contains corn. Although people of Mexican descent are usually referred to as the “corn people”, Americans have now surpassed them in the amount of corn consumed in their daily diet. Corn is consumed in a variety of forms and many of the animals that are eaten by Americans, such as the chicken, pig, turkey, and lamb are fed corn. When a person eats these animals, he or she is essentially increasing their corn intake, and in most cases without even realizing it. The corn crop has spread vastly and is massively produced because it is efficient. Unlike other crop plants, corn can survive in harsh weather conditions and it is light and easy to transport. Maize is also self-fertilized and pollinated by wind, and it has evolved over time and continues to evolve, into new forms and new uses.
Upon arrival in the Americas, Europeans set out to make wheat the standard grain in the lands they had discovered; the establishment of wheat was both functional, as it was a staple of the European diet, as well as an attempt to institutionalize European control. While wheat did gain some ground in the Americas, especially among the upper classes, it failed to surmount maize as the “the foundation of indigenous livelihood.” The persistence of maize as a staple of the indigenous way of life is not shocking, as J. Eric Thompson writes: “Maize was a great deal more than the economic basis of Maya civilization: it was the focal point of worship, and to it every Maya who worked the soil built a shrine in his own heart.” The Americas were not
Physical achievements by Mesoamerican Indians include the floating garden cities created in lakes for protection against attacks. These also allow for fertile growing of plants as recorded by Spanish conqueror Hernan Cortes in Document 5. Tehuacan was also the site of the first planting of corn around 8000 B.C.E. as depicted by the image in Document 7.
The Aztec empire was a complex civilization that practiced agriculture, imposed a hierarchy system, and practiced cultural events involving religion, various gods, and rituals. Agriculture in the Aztec empire was complex, required knowledge of flora, farming techniques, and local environment. The process was “more elaborate than just throwing a few seeds on the ground and waiting for a stalk to sprout up” (Blanton, Kowalewski, Feinman, Finsten, 1993); it was essential to grow enough food to feed an entire population. The most important and common crop grown was maize, also known as corn, which could be manipulated in various ways to yield products of varying tastes and textures; tortillas, tamales, atole, and maize gruel to name a few (Zizumbo-Villarreal, 2010). Maize was an ideal grain to keep around, not only did it provide nutrients to its consumers, it could be eaten raw or stored for months without spoiling.
The most important idea in Allen J. Christenson's Popol Vuh is maize or often known as corn but to the Maya culture, corn has a bigger significance than just food. Corn has played a important role in empires, civilizations and people for thousands of years. The Maya have a lot of admiration to corn as a cornerstone of their culture and spirituality. Maize was so highly admired that the Mayans had a Maize God. Corn was a gift from the Gods and cultivating it and planting it was a sacred duty it was a really important process in which corn was to be planted and harvested. Temples were built for Maize Gods and corn was used to nourish workers and kings. To the Mayans, the Gods made humankind out of maize. The Maya also considered this crop to be the vegetation of life in order to eat and grow. This symbolized the fragile nature of corn, a crop that depends entirely on human cultivation for its reproduction with such deep meaning and that has deep culture and meaning.
For millennia, corn has been a staple food crop for North America. Its indigenous location was critical to the development of pre-Hispanic life in the New World. However, modern society has elevated Zea mays into a commodity strongly connected to systems of economic control and capitalism. Consequently, corn has played an essential role in colonization, industrialization, and the arrival of genetic modification. The literatures of numerous new world cultures, along with the literatures of modern Western cultures, offer a perspective on corn's current stance in western society. The impact that corn has on the economic systems of the world expose a great deal about the commoditization and globalization of food crops. This paper
Redwan, El-Rashdy M. "Animal-Derived Pharmaceutical Proteins." Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry 30.3 (2009): 262-90. Web.
Before the land of what we no class Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and other countries in the middle east grains, such as wheat and wild barley, could be seen growing in the wild without human hand to cultivate and nurture it (Authors 2007). Over time, humans began to recognize the benefit of the plants and began the first signs of human agriculture. The skill of farming took time and trial and error, but along the way, humans began to settle down to tend to their crops. Though the first crops were nothing more than seed s thrown about without rhyme or reason to the process we know today such as fields having, rows and sorting out the seeds to create a higher yield each harvest (Authors 2007). Because of the trial and error process, agriculture of plants did not take place of a short period but took many, many years to evolve to what we know today as agriculture; the new fa...
This highly influential and informational documentary about corn is told and experienced by two college friends Ian and Curt. These two best friends move from the east coast straight to the heart of their food’s location, the Midwest. Through the help from helpful neighbors and genetically engineered seeds they plant and produce their own crop of corn on just one acre of Iowa soil. After their attempt to follow their corn into the food system of America they wonder about the food we eat and how we farm. The two meet with the man who changed farming in America forever, Earl Butz and learn more than they ever thought they would about one crop.
A good percentage of the food in the supermarket is linked to a specific kind of plant. This vegetable, which has many uses, is corn. Since the beginning of the United States, corn has taken an important role in the development in the nation, meaning that without corn this nation would not be the same. When the Europeans came here, there were no real resources that they could exploit for the benefit of their survival. But then one can ask the question, how did the Native Americans survive before they were killed by the infectious viruses and diseases from the Europeans? Well, as simple as it can be, corn was one of the prime elements for their survival, it was one of their main agricultural products. The Europeans that came to the United States adopted corn as the ‘nations’ vegetable for future generations.
Throughout the history of the human race there have been a great number of crops that were discovered, planted, and over time domesticated. Wheat in the Middle East, rice in Asia, and rye in Eastern Europe are all some of today’s staple crops that feed millions every day. Crops like these make up over 50% of the world’s total food supply. However, the third most eaten crop in the world is maize, or corn, which provides 21% of human nutrition. Today maize feeds millions across the world, but its history is different from the others.
Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by to their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel. The current moves the molecules towards the cathode or anode. The speed of the moving molecules depends on the size, shape, and charge. The properties of the gel will definitely affect the movement. Small molecules are expected to move easily and faster thru the pores.
This lesson is designed to review and reinforce a few important concepts about plants (e.g. Needs, parts, sequence of planting) and to also guide the students through applying a few scientific inquiry (e.g. Making observations, experimentation, discussion, reflection, reporting results etc.). The students have previously planted corn and bean seeds and today’s lesson has provided the students a chance to see the results of the planted corn and bean seeds. Additionally, seeds have been planted under and growing under the following conditions: without water, and without soil. The students see the results of these seeds planted under these conditions for the past week. Two plants in particular have already been grown their growth has been
The first people that started to depend on farming for food were in Israel and Jordan in about 80000 B.C.. Farming became popular because people no longer had to rely on just searching for food to get their food. In about 3000 B.C. Countries such as Egypt and Mesopotamia started to develop large scale irrigation systems and oxen drawn plows. In about 500 B.C. the Romans started to realize that the soil needed certain nutrients in order to bare plants. They also realized that if they left the soil for a year with no plants, these important nutrients would replenish. So they started to leave half of a field fallow (unplanted). They then discovered that they could use legumes, or pulses to restore these vital nutrients, such as nitrogen, to the soil and this started the process known as rotating crops. They would plant half the field one year with a legume...