Construction: Depletion of Copper, Tin, & Zinc Building Construction procedures involve the erection of various types of structures. The major trend in present-day construction continues away from handcrafting at the building site and toward on-site assembly of even larger, more integrated subassemblies manufactured away from the site. Construction in the United States is the product of a diverse group of subindistries, with many individuals and organizations involved in the construction of a single structure, from the manufacture of necessary components to final assembly. The major elements of a building are as follows: (1) the foundation, which supports the building and provides stability; (2) the structure, which supports all the imposed loads and transmits them to the foundation; (3) the exterior walls, which may or may not be part of the primary supporting structure; (4) the interior partitions, which also may or may not be part of the primary structure; (5) the environmental- control systems, including the heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, lighting, and acoustical systems; (6) the vertical transportation systems, including elevators, escalators, and stairways; (7) communications, which may include such subsystems as intercommunications, public address , and closed-circuit television, as well as the more usual telephone wiring systems; and (8) the power, water supply, and waste disposal systems. What is Copper? Copper, symbol Cu, a brownish-red metallic element is one of the most widely used metals. Copper was know to prehistoric people and was probably the first metal from which useful articles were made. Copper objects have been found among the remains of many ancient civilizations, including those of Egypt, Asia Minor, China, southeastern Europe, Cyprus ( from which the word copper is derived), and Crete. Because of its many desirable properties, such as its conductivity of electricity and heat, its resistance to corrosion, its malleability and ductility, and its beauty, copper has long been used in a wide variety of applications. The principle uses are electrical, because of copper's extremely high conductivity, which is second only to that of silver. It can be used in outdoor power lines and cables, as well as in house wiring, lamp cords, and electrical machinery such as generators, motors, controllers, signaling devices, electromagnets, and communications equipment. Pure copper is soft but can be hardened somewhat by being worked. Alloys of copper, which are far harder and stronger than the pure metal, have higher resistance and so cannot be used for electrical purposes.
Brannigan, Francis L, and Glenn P. Corbett. Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service. Sudbury, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2007. Print.
Throughout the years, technology has changed the way live. This has included the way we build magnificent buildings. Old wonders like the Pyramids at Giza have fascinated people for years. There is another building concept that has attracted people’s attention for ages as well, domes.
Earlier in history, from about the time zinc was discovered, or, from the 12th century, zinc was used in many ways. Starting in that same time period, zinc was brought into the industry and was used to improve peoples lives. In 1374 in India, when it was officially recognized as the eighth metal known to man, it was being used for medicinal purposes, such as a cure for sore eyes and healing wounds on the body.
OFHC copper refers to oxygen-free, high conductivity copper alloys, which typically are types of pure copper alloys. OFHC are metallic materials of the group nonferrous alloys, which is known for it is high conductivity of electrical and thermal ability. OFHC produced by the direct conversion of selected refined cathodes and castings under carefully controlled conditions to prevent contamination of the pure oxygen-free metal during processing. The method of producing OFHC copper ensures extra high grade of metal with a copper content of 99.98%. With so small a content of extraneous elements, the inherent properties of elemental copper are brought forth to a high degree. The most common OFHC copper alloys are C10100 (OFE) where it has 99.99% of copper and less 0.2%of oxygen and CAD10200 were it has 99.95% and around 1.5 ppm of oxygen. The companion that could be found in OFHC alloys are; Copper with 99.98% of weight, Oxygen with less than or equal to 1.5 ppm, Antimony with less than or equal to 0.1 ppm, Arsenic with less than or equal to 0.1 ppm, Nickel with less than or equal to 10 ppm, Manganese with less or equal to 0.5 ppm, Tin with less or more than 2 ppm, Zinc with less than or equal to 1 ppm, Tellurium with less than or equal to 2 ppm, Sulfur with less than or equal to 15 ppm, Silver with less than or equal to 25 ppm, Selenium with less than or equal to 3 ppm ,Phosphorus with less than or equal to 3 ppm, Bisumasu with less than or equal to 0.1 ppm, Cadmium with less than or equal to 0.1ppm,lead with less than or equal to 1ppm and Iron with less than or equal to 1 ppm . OFHC used mostly in building constructions and as electronic products.
This report has been written to provide information to a client, and will advise on the integration of Mechanical & Electrical building services in a 2 storey office building. The building also has basement space available for plant allocation.
Type III construction is also known as Ordinary or Masonry construction. Type III construction is the most common construction type in urban areas. Masonry is one of the oldest and simplest building materials; its use dates back thousands of years (IFSTA, 2016, p. 217) Ordinary construction consists of masonry exterior load-bearing walls that are of noncombustible construction. Interior framing, floors, and roofs are made of wood or other combustible materials. (Christopher J. Naum, 2008) The interior framing of a Type III building is protected with plaster, drywall, or other interior finish materials to provide required fire resistance. Therefore, Type III construction will have concealed combustible voids. (IFSTA, 2016, p. 227) During renovations in Type III, construction new void spaces are created. These include horizontal voids created by dropped ceilings and vertical voids through new utility chases. (Christopher J. Naum, 2008) Furthermore, the most basic masonry structure includes exterior load-bearing
In electroplating the flow of current is used to coat one metal with another such as copper with silver or gold. This is done when electric current is passes through a solution (electrolyte). When two electrodes are connected to a power supply in the form of a circuit, current or electricity is carried through the power supply, there is a splitting in the electrolyte and atoms from the metal that are in the solution are carried to the top of one of the electrodes. This is called electroplating and is used on many metals to prevent corrosion from occurring. Both of the materials must be conductors in order for current to be carried through. Electroplating is also known as
Reese, C.D. and Eidson, J.V. (1999). Handbook of OSHA construction safety and health. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press
Copper was used quite commonly in the past, for many things such as cutlery, pots and coins. It has been around since 9000 BC.
In this report,the properties and method of extraction will be discussed,as well as the benefits of this element. Properties Here below are the following properties for copper and what the application of copper is related to the property Properties What’s the application of the
Aluminum is one of a number of soft metals that scientists call "poor" metals. It can be shaped and twisted into any form. It can be rolled into thick plates for armored tanks or into thin foil for chewing gum wrappers. It may be drawn into a wire or made into cans. Aluminum is a generally popular metal because it does not rust and it resists wear from weather and chemicals. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is an element. Its atomic number is thirteen and its atomic weight is usually twenty-seven. Pure aluminum melts at 660.2ºC and boils at 2500ºC. Its density is 2.7 grams per cube centimeter. Aluminum is never found uncombined in nature. (Bowman, 391) Aluminum is a very useful metal that is light, easy to shape and can be strong. This makes aluminum one of the most used metals in the world, right behind iron and steel. (Geary, 185) In its pure state, aluminum is quite weak compared to the other metals. However, its strength can be greatly increased by adding small amounts of alloying elements, heat-treating, or cold working. Only a small percentage of aluminum is used in its pure form. It is made into such items as electrical conductors, jewelry, and decorative trim for alliances and cars. A combination of the three techniques has produced aluminum alloys that, pound for pound, are stronger than structural steel. Some common metals used in alloys for aluminum are copper, magnesium and zinc.(Walker, 31) The added elements give the aluminum strength and other properties. (Newmark, 41) Aluminum is one of the lightest metals. It weighs about 168.5 pounds per cubic foot, about a third as much as steel which weighs 487 pounds per cubic foot. (Neely, 214) As a result, aluminum has replaced steel for many uses. For example, some ...
THEORY AND DESIGN, Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering Vol. 10, No 2, 2012, pp. 169 – 178, by Bojan Tepavčević, Vesna Stojaković
When trying to design for automated construction systems, all parameters of a construction process must be integrated accurately and constantly to satisfy relevant parties, and finally, the quality of construction materials and products in terms of geometry, physical and design aspects will be changed. In order to reach automated construction goals, all the following aspects have to be fulfilled:
.... I. et al., 2009. In Use Stock of Copper Analysis Using Satellite Nighttime Light observation Data. Materials Transactions , 50(7), pp. 1871-1874.
Aluminum is an element in the boron group with a symbol of Al, and an atomic number of 13. Aluminum is a very soft metal when pure but becomes strong and hard when alloyed, a malleable metal with a silvery gray color. Aluminum is a very reactive element so it is found in nature combined with other elements. Aluminum resists corrosion by the formation of a self-protecting oxide coating. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, following oxygen and silicon. It makes up approximately 8% by weight of the Earth’s surface. Although this is evident, it is also apparent that aluminum is never found by itself in nature. All of the earth’s aluminum has combined with other elements to form compounds and in order to create new aluminum products; it has to be taken out of that specific compound. Aluminum does not rust like other elements, therefore it always remains strong and shiny, which means reused aluminum is almost identical to a brand new piece of metal. An electrochemical process creates aluminum. An electrochemical process is “the direct process end use in which electricity is used to cause a chemical transformation” ( E.I.A. Government). Major uses of electrochemical processes occur in the aluminum industry in which alumina is reduced to molten aluminum metal and oxygen, where than the aluminum can be used into making several different materials. Electrochemical processes, although very useful, can have serious environmental consequences. To help reduce the consequences that the production of aluminum creates, the idea of aluminum recycling comes into play.