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Review on municipal solid waste management
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C&D waste management is not a new concept in China. Since the early 90s, in order to respond to the international society’s call about ‘building sustainable development society’, Chinese government introduced developed countries’ advanced experience and then conducted a variety of reforms of economy, society and environment. During the process of reform, China has successively enacted a series of laws and regulations about environmental protection and pollution management, which not only includes general environmental protection laws, but also refers to municipal solid and urban C&D waste management as well.
Laws and regulations Year
Environmental Protection Law of the PRC 1989
the Regulation on the Administration of City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation
1992
Administrative Measures for Municipal Solid Waste
1995
Urban Construction Waste Management Regulation
(Ministry of Construction) 1996
Law of the PRC on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes
2004
Provisions on the Administration of Urban Construction Garbage
2005
Administrative Measures For Urban Living Waste 2007
Table 2.3.2 Environment protection and MSW disposal regulations in China
Amongst, the objectives and the strategy for reducing urban solid waste and developing sustainable waste management have been together emphasized by these regulations, such as:
• Reduce the amount of waste that urban construction activities produce
• Make the best recycle and rational utilization of municipal solid waste
• Strictly prohibits any construction enterprises or individuals casting away or leaving behind construction waste
• Minimize the harm of construction waste to human health and future environment
Apart from the laws and regulatio...
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...r to display its endeavor on contribution to environmentally sustainable development. Under the pressure of government policies and public’s supervision, construction enterprises have to seek for effective measures to reduce the negative environmental impact. C&D waste management provides the construction industry with approach which has been proven to be practicable and successful to achieve this goal.
Business benefits
The benefits about C&D waste management are more than financial and environmental, also include the advantage of business – good performance in waste minimizing and materials management lead to substantial change that make more potential success of project. It make the project explicit to some extent, and helps workers to decrease damage to critical components, minimize double handling, reduce time waste, and improve site appearance and so forth.
One of China’s best successes has in turn been one of its biggest downfalls. One of the main problems is China’s greatest success which has been its phenomenal economic growth. This is one of the main drivers of the current environmental problems that the country faces. Factories dump pollutants into the air and water. It is difficult to see the Chinese government making the significant sacrifices required to improve their environment if it means slowing down their economic growth.
American economist, Rostow through his ‘Stages of Economic Development’ demonstrates that economies may ignore environmental quality in their quest for growth. This notion is true in China, with government and private firms using unsustainable practices in order to maximise globalisation opportunities. China suffers mostly from chronic air and water pollution caused by both the demand for energy (i.e. coal mines) as well as the process of manufacturing. This effect on the Chinese economy is quantified through China’s emissions, which in 2010, was 8,286 million metric tonnes, 35% higher than the next uppermost emitter, the United States. China is also home to 16 out of 20 most polluted cities in the world. Consequences for not cleaning up the environment will not just be a health crisis but an economic one. The Chinese government is now recognising and addressing the environmental problems which have occurred due to both rapid economic growth and industrialisation. It has set targets which aim at reducing pollution levels with $6.6b committed in spending in order to achieve such targets. Such examples include investment in nuclear power instead of coal, hydroelectricity (i.e. Three Gorges Dam) as well as new stringent environmental laws. It is hoped that new regulations and investment will lead the way for renewable energy and a sustainable
Waste management is the operation of how waste materials are handled. The affair of waste management is relevant to everyone world-wide. Wastes are materials that have no further economic use, and when disposed of, are hazardous to humans and the environment. Wastes include solid waste, liquid wastes, and air pollutants created by humans and cannot be naturally recycled. Current waste management techniques need to be completely overhauled because funding in government budget is not enough to meet standards, landfills are reaching their maximum capacity worldwide, and nuclear waste storage must be handled correctly. Waste management has been a highly thought about complication for global authorities. Due to
An integral part of the solid waste management strategy for USAG-KA (UES Section 3-6.5.7(c)(6)(i)(A)) is the reduction and minimization in amount of solid waste generated to reduce the requirement for on-island treatment and disposal.
The ordinance prohibits dumping of garbage anywhere other than those recognized and established garbage facilities, dumping of unclean and unsegregated waste, discharging of human dirt along the creeks and rivers, throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments, and burning of garbage that are non-biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents to practice separating of wastes. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the community material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in coordination with concerned government agencies according to prescribed methods. The local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is scheduled per
China has approximately 20% of the world’s population, which is around 1.3 billion people (Morris, 2009, p. 111). Also, China has become one of the worlds biggest manufacturing countries within 30 years (Fawssett, 2009, p. 27). However, such rapid development has come at a cost, which has created various environmental problems. Coincidentally, China has 16 cities on a list of the 20 worst polluted cities in the world (Fawssett, 2009, p. 15). Therefore, this essay will explain the reasons for China’s environmental problems, then evaluate the claim that the Chinese government and people, are tackling these environmental problems. First, crop farming techniques over the last hundred years, and their consequences will be explained. Followed by, how peoples choice in food has changed over the last hundred years, and how this indirectly affects the environment. Then, how a capitalist economy is linked to agriculture, and finally what the Chinese government and people are doing to tackle these problems.
Economic growth and industrialization usually comes at a large cost, namely in the form of pollution. China has recently been feeling that cost after decades of growth with little restrictions. Because of this, China has become the world's largest polluter and surpassed the United States in CO2 emissions in 2007. Thus far China has only started to implement regulations due to the outrage of the people and many are not followed. China’s environment shall definitely turn farther from green and decline as government regulations are ignored.
It is imperative to note that both the man made and the natural activities that take place in the world are susceptible to disasters. The disasters and hazards that take place are normally categorized into several divisions. They include the technological, regional, and the man made events that can interfere with the composition of the environment (Doody, 2014). At that point, it was necessary for the disposal of these hazardous wastes to take place thus leading to the pollution of the environment. As such, it was important for the hazardous waste to be managed in an appropriate manner to minimize these effects. Under this process, the reuse of hazardous wastes in civil engineering applications was one of the ways that would be useful in minimizing the effect on the environment. The objective of the paper is to study various methods that can be used in the management of hazardous wastes in civil engineering applications.
For the sustainable development of the society it is very important to judiciously handle the environmental issues like the solid waste management. In order to manage the solid waste effectively we need to understand the composition and all the activities that follow once the waste is generated. Basically the composition and the characteristics of the waste depends a whole lot of factors and also vary periodically.
The waste management of a manufacturing company is one of the environmental matters that is mostly concerned by the society. The costs to manage the wastes from production could be very costly to a manufacturing company. Nevertheless, by using ABC system, a company can manage the production wastes in an effective and efficient manner. ABC system provides a road map to the cost reductions on waste management (Joseph & Thomas, 1995). It provides the activity-based information for the management to make better business decisions around sustainability and profit. An example would be Safety-Kleen corporation, a waste-recycling company who wanted to find an alternative to removing and recycle the hazardous wastes at a cost efficient way. It introduced ABC system into its organisation and successfully save costs in its waste management operation. The activity of transfer wastes from the collection points to the vehicles and to the disposal sites can be traced by the ABC system (Joseph & Thomas, 1995). In this way, ABC system helps to facilitate the cost measurement and provides management with accurate cost information of each activity involved in the process to make optimal decisions. Hence, with the utilisation of ABC system, it would help an organisation to have better cost control and management to support its sustainability interests on environmental
Solid waste can be classified in different types, depending on their source, household waste is generally classified as municipal waste; industrial waste as hazardous waste or hospital waste as infections waste. It quite obvious that South Africa environment is deteriorated by the illegal dumping area that around here. Solid waste is a major problem this country is facing at the moment. The province that is experience this major problem is Gauteng province, this an urban area am taking about, and since it’s clear that over population is the cause of the problem. Gauteng province is an over populated than rural area .solid waste pollution is refuse or garbage that people use in their everyday life in their house, such as plastic
Policy is needed to regulate which course of action should be taken and how it should be implemented. Because of this, many plans and policies revolving around the management of solid waste have been put in place. Sometimes however, a particular policy can have its shortfalls, potentially resulting in its negative aspects outweighing the positive ones. According to the Conference Board of Canada Report, “Canadians dispose of more municipal solid waste per capita than any other country” (2013). Solid waste management in particular, involves many aspects, ranging from packaging waste, food waste, etc. (White & Franke 1999), hence, the following analysis revolves around household and commercial waste – referred to as Municipal Solid Waste (White & Franke. 1999) – in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. Municipal waste is a major health and environmental concern as it contributes to numerous problems like habitat destruction, surface groundwater pollution, and other forms of air, soil, and water contamination. Waste disposal methods like incineration create toxic substances, and landfills emit methane, which contributes to global warming. According to the Zero Waste Objective Report, “The impact of climate change and the increasing awareness of the role of “waste” and “wasting” in the production of greenhouse gas emissions is a constant environmental pressure… (2009). This leads to an increasing limitation of government to prevent and control the volume and toxicity of products in the waste stream and a growing need to shift responsibility to the product manufacturer.
Traditional methods of waste disposal have proven to be ineffective and have caused harmful effects on the environment. The most popular and inexpensive way to get rid of garbage is burial, but burying your problems does not necessarily mean getting rid of them. Landfill sites pose as severe ecological threats as these mass garbage dump yards overflow with trash and frequently contaminate our air, soil and water with hazardous wastes. About 400 million tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year1. A large-scale release of these materials can cause thousands of deaths and may poison the environment for many years. For example many industrial companies around the world cannot afford to enforce the strict pollution regulations set by many developed countries. This usually forces these types of companies to move to developing countries where pollution regulations are very lenient. These developing countries knowingly accept environmentally hazardous companies usually because they are in desperate need of employment. The harmful effects of these companies were clearly illustrated in the 1960s and 1970s when residents living near Minamata Bay, Japan, developed nervous disorders, tremors, and paralysis in a mysterious epidemic. The root was later found to be a local industry that had released mercury, a highly toxic element, into Minamata Bay. The disaster had claimed the lives of 400 people1. Since 1970 you can bet that a lot more than 400 people have died as a result of waste disposal. If the type of waste disposal were cheaper and effective we wouldn’t have to deal with waste problems, which still plague mankind today.
The average resident produces seven and a half pounds of garbage every day that is buried down in landfills and litters lands costing a great amount of money. Nowadays, people face no more critical trouble than the need to save the weakening environment, mainly in urban areas, where solid wastes are uselessly dumped. It has been observed that cities have no controlled structure for garbage disposal. Each year, millions of dollars are spent picking up litter and more is thrown away in valuable materials that could be recycled. As humanity develops new technology and equipment, the level of waste increases every day. Due to the fact that there is a huge problem with garbage disposal, government representatives must contribute to resolving this issue.
There are also several long term benefits of recycling. For example, “collecting and processing secondary materials, manufacturing recy...