INTERVENTION PLAN FOR HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS
Hypertension is considered a major public health challenge all over the world because of its high prevalence and its high risk of complications (Whelton et al, 1997). It is also recognised to be a universal risk factor for mortality and morbidity, and the most significant modifiable risk factor for renal failures, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and premature deaths (Ezzati et al, 2002). In the U.K, Hypertension is one of the most common conditions associated with heavy morbidity and substantial cost of healthcare (Faculty of Public Health, 2005). Therefore, there is a pressing need for intervention by prevention, early diagnosis, and control.
Figure 1: An epidemiological data showing the blood pressure reading by survey year for all adults in the U.K from 2003-2010 (Health Survey for England, 2011)
ALL ADULTS
(Blood Pressure reading by Omron values) SURVEY YEAR
2003
(%) 2004
(%) 2005
(%) 2006
(%) 2007
(%) 2008
(%)
2009
(%)
2010
(%)
Normotensive untreated 69.4 - 69.8 70.6 70.0 69.9 70.6 69.8
Hypertensive controlled 5.7 - 7.7 7.3 8.2 8.7 7.7 10.6
Hypertensive uncontrolled 7.0 - 7.5 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.6 7.1
Hypertensive untreated 17.9 - 15.0 15.3 15.3 14.7 15.0 12.5
All high blood pressure 30.6 - 30.2 29.4 30.0 30.1 29.4 30.2
Figure 2: Health Promotion Intervention Plan: Overview
1. Pre-planning & Project Management: This is the first stage of the plan which involves the allocation of roles to key stakeholders collaborating on decisions, data collection, and data analysis in the time frame and budget of the intervention. The key stakeholders are Public health advisors a...
... middle of paper ...
...ure 4: A worksheet template of Objectives and Indicators.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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As early as the 1800s clinicians began to take a closer look at elevated blood pressure levels, they soon found high correlation between hypertension, stroke, and other heart diseases. They also established that high levels of blood pressure effected both privilege and underprivileged, and within the years they have noted the disease have become more prevalent in the African American culture. Long term studies, such as randomized controlled trial studies, unveiled
Tannahill, A., Tannahill, C., & Downie, R. S. (1999) Health Promotion. Models and Values. Oxford University Press.
High blood pressure is called the “silent killer” because it often has no warning signs or symptoms, and many people don’t know they have it. For most patients, high blood pressure is found when they visit their health care provider or have it checked elsewhere. Because there are no symptoms, people can develop heart disease and kidney problems without knowing they have high blood pressure. Some people may experience: bad headache, mild dizziness, and blurry vision. Traditionally, diagnosis of high blood pressure (BP) has relied on consecutive checks of clinic BP over a 2 to 3 month period, with hypertension confirmed if BP remains persistently raised over 140/90 mmHg. This method of diagnosis has significant limitations because the BP measured for an individual patient in a clinic setting may not reflect their BP in day-to-day life. The main concern is that as a result of the “white coat syndrome”, hypertension may be over-diagnosed when checked in the clinic setting; resulting ...
The causes of hypertension are unknown. However; hypertension can be classified into two categories primary and secondary. Primary (essential) hypertension is increas...
Hypertension is diagnosed by measuring the blood pressure by a device known as the sphygmomanometer. Blood pressure is taken and presented by the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The systolic and diastolic numbers will be recorded and compared to a chart of values. At the same time, doctor would also ask for patient’s family history of hypertension and the associated risk factors such as high cholesterol food intake.
... J. (2009). Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 updated: a report from the American Heart Association. Journal of the American Heart Association. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667
" Journal of Clinical Hypertension 13.5 (2011): 351-56. EBSOHost.com - a. Web. The Web.
Latent diabetic vascular complications are a hallmark of the disease and known to significantly affect the cardiovascular and renal systems. Atherosclerosis is the main reason for decreased life expectancy in patients with diabetes, whereas diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are the largest contributors to end-stage renal disease and blindness, respectively (37, 56). Current therapy is aimed at managing blood glucose concentrations and increasing insulin resistance. Thus, vascular complication mitigation includes: blood glucose monitoring and lowering, which decreases the risk of nephropathy and retinopathy. Antihypertensive medicine is also utilized to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy (15, 26). As well, hypertension is closely associated with stroke and pulmonary edema. Despite these advances, diabetes complications and their treatments are aimed at abating symptoms in an effort to improve physiological function.
Hypertension affects approximately 73 million Americans. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure is elevated. Hypertension, also called high blood pressure is often seen concurrent with diabetes mellitus. Many refer to hypertension as the “silent killer” because often time’s individuals are Asymptomatic. Ideally, blood pressure is expected to be less than 120mmHg systolic and 80mmHg diastolic. Hypertension is defined as sustained blood pressure of the arteries greater than or equal to 140/90mmHg. . Twenty nine percent of Mexican American men and thirty one percent of Mexican American women are living with hypertension. Mexican American hypertension levels are compatible to non-Hispanic whites; however, they are less likely to have their blood pressure treated or controlled compared to whites and African Americans. Hypertension increases the work load of the heart leading to other chronic disease processes, most commonly myocardial infarction often referred to as a heart attack. La...
Hypertension is a developing problem worldwide，associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In 2020, the world population will be approximately 7.8 billion people, and there will be 1 billon people who may be affected by hypertension (Tomson & Lip, 2005). One in three adults in the United States has high blood pressure. According to the report “Health, United States, 2010 with Special Feature on Death and Dying,” the prevalence of hypertension among adults 20 years old or older increased from 24% to 32% during 1988-1994 and 2005-2008. The African-American population has a higher prevalence of this health condition than white Americans do. In 2005 to 2008, the prevalence of hypertension among black males (41.4%) was more than 10%, compared to white males at 31.5% of the population. The hypertension rate of black females was more than twice that of white females. The death rate from hypertension among black males was 51.8 per 100,000, and among black females was 40.4 per 100,000; however, the morta...
Health promotion is a multifaceted movement with a core value on respect, empowerment, equity, inclusion and social justice (MacDougall 2002). Aims to achieve holistic health, while it is influenced by medical and social determinants. These determinants which aids to deter...
To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. Therefore, health promotion is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to wellbeing. Health promotion goes beyond health care. It puts health on the agenda of policy makers in all sectors and at all levels. It directs policy makers to be aware of the health consequences of their decisions and accept their responsibilities for
Cohen, B. (2012). Population health promotion models and strategies. In L. Stamler & L. Yiu
Patients with less severe acute hypertension in which abrupt BP lowering is not necessary, oral anti-hypertensives may be used. [7]
Schnall, P., Landsbergis, P., Belkic, K., Warren, K., Schwartz, J., & Pickering, T. (1998). Findings In The Cornell University Ambulatory Blood Pressure Worksite Study: A Review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 697.