Complications of Diabetes
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing primarily vascular complications that contribute to morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Poor glycaemic control leads to vascular complications that affect large (macrovascular), small (microvascular) vessels or both. Macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and stroke. Microvascular complications contribute to diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), nephropathy (kidney disease) and retinopathy (eye disease).
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
Diabetic patients due to common metabolic, coagulation and vascular abnormalities are more prone to arteriosclerosis and ischemic complications (Beckman et al., 2002). Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by migration of T lymphocytes and monocytes to the area of arterial wall injury. This process plays central role in the pathogenesis of the macrovascular disease leading to luminal stenosis (narrowing of arterial walls) in the peripheral or coronary vascular system (Boyle, 2007; Wagenknecht et al., 2003; Wagenknecht et al., 1997). Large-vessel atherosclerosis is thought to result from the hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidaemia, and hyperglycemia which are characteristic for DM. Clinical manifestations include angina pectoris (chest pain) and miocardial infarcts (MI), transient ischemic attacks (TIA), strokes, and peripheral arterial disease. In diabetic patients, production of cytokines diminishes synthesis of collagen in vascular smooth muscle cells and increases production of matrix metalloproteinases, resulting in an increased tendency for plaque destabilization and rupture (van der Wal and Becker, 1999). Atherosclerosis o...
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...use patients are much younger in type 1 than in type 2 diabetes, and stroke is generally attributed to elderly people.
Presence of microvascular complications like microalbuminuria, diabetic retinopathy and autonomic neuropathy further increase the risk for stroke (Cheung et al., 2007a; Miettinen et al., 1996; Toyry et al., 1996; Cohen et al., 2003; Rocco et al., 2010).
Diabetic neuropathy
The word neuropathy is derived from two Latin words: "neuro," referring to the nerve, and "pathy," meaning disease. Diabetic neuropathies are common complications in diabetes that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetic neuropathy is directly related to the axon length and duration of nerve fibers exposure to hyperglycaemia. Depending on type of neuron fibers affected diabetic neuropathy is classified as: (Edwards et al., 2008; Casellini and Vinik, 2007)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is also referred to as insulin-dependent as the secretion of the hormone insulin by the pancreas is reduced to minor levels due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by immune system of the body. Therefore, Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition due to the fact that the body is harming the pancreas with antibodies so beta cells cannot make any insulin for bloodstream to take in glucose. The fact that the cells in the body cannot take in glucose means that it builds up in the blood and hyperglycaemia occurs. This abnormally high level of blood glucose is able to harm the nervous system, tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, heart and the eyes. Type 1 Diabetes is fatal when left untreated as it then causes heart disease, kidney disease, damage to the nerves, stroke and
Diabetes mellitus also known simply as diabetes refers to a group of metabolic diseases which affect the body’s homeostatic mechanism used for maintaining and regulating the body’s blood sugar levels. Diabetes is a chronic condition which, in 2013 was estimated to be affecting 382 million people worldwide.[1] People suffering from diabetes are required to constantly be vigilant of their blood sugar levels to ensure it does not go below or above optimum levels. Depending on the type of diabetes and glucose level range, they may need to inject themselves with insulin or eat high sugar foods to restabilise their body. Failure to do so can lead to other long term health effects.[2]
Pandey, Manmohan K., et al. "Neurological complications in diabetic ketoacidosis-before and after insulin therapy." 2014. Document.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic health issue faced by 347 million people around the world as stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). It is predicted by the year 2030 over 366 million people will be diagnosed with diabetes (Stein, Eible, Sbruzzi, Lago, & Plentz, 2013). According to Stein et al (2013), 50% of DM cases will experience some type of neuropathy in their lifetime. "Chronic hyperglycemia is a major factor that induces nerve fiber injury" (Bulut, Ozcan, Cakan, Bektas, & Culha, 2010, p. 914). The pain caused by the damage is described as "burning, tingling, lancinating, formicating, aching, or tearing" (Wunderlich, Peters, Bosma, & Armstrong, 1998, p. 895).
Diabetic neuropathy is common in individuals with long-standing diabetes. It affects the nerves and can cause damage throughout the body. Worsening of diabetic neuropathy is observed among individuals with
This consists of damage to my heart and blood vessels, eye damage, and foot and skin damage (Mayo, 2014). Diabetes leads to heart disease because high blood sugars over a long period of time are very damaging to the body’s cells and nerves (Mayo, 2014). Another complication of diabetes is neuropathy, which is a sensation of tingling, numbness, and burning in the fingers and toes. This damage occurs because excess sugar in the walls of blood vessels can injure the vessels and cause them to break down (Mayo, 2014).
Katzen, H. and Mahler, R. (1977). Diabetes, obesity, and vascular disease. 1st ed. Washington: Hemisphere Pub. Corp. ; New York : distributed by Halsted Press, p.637.
Diabetes is one of the most common diseases that almost every family is suffering these days with one or more family members globally. But most people are still unaware the causes, symptoms and treatment of diabetes. Diabetes, in a simple language, is directly related to our digestion system. Whatever we eat, we need to digest and for digestion our food breaks into small pieces of glucose or sugar. This sugar then goes to our blood cells and gives us energy to work for the day. Now to transfer glucose to our blood cells, we need insulin that is made by pancreas. If due to some reasons, our pancreas is not able to produce enough amount of insulin to transfer glucose into the blood cells, the condition is known as diabetes, and the person suffering from this disease is called as a diabetic.
Knowing the extensive impact of a new diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes would be helpful in creating a conventional environment for the newly diagnosed. There are many factors that will influence for a positive outcome from such a negative life changing event. Understanding that a chronic illness affects many aspects of one’s life is key to being successful in having control of the disease.
B.(Sub-point) Type-2 diabetes after a long time can affect the body’s blood vessels leading to damage to both small and big vessels just like Type 1 diabetes. (SUB-SUBPOINT) Damage to the small blood vessel leads to microvascular problems, while harm to the large vessels result in macrovascular effects (Lisa, 2016). Impaired blood vessels do not transfer blood as supposed to, which results in other complications, like vision loss, kidney damage and nerve damage. Macrovascular problems with Type 2 diabetes are a buildup of plaque, which results in a heart attack, blocked vessels in legs and a stroke (Lisa, 2016). Type 1 diabetes has the same complications as Type 2 resulting in the same effect on the important organs in the body, like the heart, nerves, vision, kidneys and both the tiny and large blood vessels ( Mayo Clinic Staff,
Diabetic Neuropathy is a group of neurological disorders caused by nerve damage resulting from the effects of type one and type two Diabetes. There are several types of neurological diseases, each affecting the individual differently. Each disorder presents with it's own symptoms, prognosis, and risks. It is important for the diabetic patient to receive adequate education from their physician on the basic signs and symptoms of neuropathy. Early identification and frequent check ups can impact the effects of neuropathy greatly.
...There are three types of diabetes that are referred to as type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Some of the symptoms of diabetes are referred to as increased urine output, excessive thirst, weight loss, hunger, fatigue, skin problems, slow healing wounds, yeast infections, blurred vision and tingling or numbness in the feet or toes. There are both acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Some acute complications of diabetes are dangerously elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or abnormally low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Some chronic complications of diabetes include disease of the blood vessels (both small and large) that can damage the kidneys, feet, eyes, nerves and heart. Diabetes is an important factor in accelerating the hardening and narrowing of the arteries which leads to arthesclerosis, strokes, coronary heart disease and other large blood vessels.
The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in is related to the insulin hormone. Insulin is secreted by cells in the pancreas and is responsible for regulating the level of glucose in the bloodstream. It also aids the body in breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When someone suffers from diabetes, however, the body does not break down the glucose in the blood as a result of abnormal insulin metabolism. When there are elevated levels of glucose in the blood, it is known as hyperglycemia. If the levels continue to remain high over an extended period of time, damage can be done to the kidneys, cardiovascular systems; you can get eye disorders, or even cause nerve damage. When the glucose levels are low in one’s body, it is called hypoglycemia. A person begins to feel very jittery, and possibly dizzy. If that occurs over a period of time, the person can possibly faint. Diabetes mellitus occurs in three different forms - type 1, type 2, and gestational.
In addition to knowledge of diabetes such as the diabetes symptoms, diagnosis of diabetes, causes and treatment of diabetes, it is also important to know about all the related diabetic complications. All this knowledge will help you prepare - emotionally and physically - with the possibilities