Pidgins and Creoles
A pidgin language is not the native language of anyone but is used as
an auxiliary or supplemental language between two mutually
unintelligible speech communities.
It is essentially a simplified language derived from two or more
languages - a contact language developed and used by people who do not
share a common language in a given geographical area. It is
characterized by limited vocabulary with a simple grammar enough to
satisfy basic communication needs. Since they serve a single
simplistic purpose, they usually die out. The oldest known pidgin is
called ‘Sabir’ which was based on Mediterranean languages and used
during the crusades in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. ( ref :
English – history, diversity and change chapt 5 p206)
In the nineteenth century, when slaves from Africa were brought over
to North America to work on the plantations, they were separated from
the people of their community and mixed with people of various other
communities, therefore they were unable to communicate with each
other. In order to finally communicate with their peers on the
plantations, and with their bosses, they needed to form a language in
which they could communicate therefore creating a new language –
pidgin.
European expansion and colonization during the 16th-19th centuries
was a primary catalyst for many of the pidgins known today. Their
colonization had seen the appearance of new varieties of English
worldwide. Some of these remain local languages of relatively low
social status while others ...
... middle of paper ...
...amen (drawn from a mix of
dialects of British English ) may have influenced the formation of an
English-based pidgin (Bailey 1992, p 126)
In conclusion, as seen by the two examples given ; colonization did
play a part in the emergence of pidgins and creoles. Jamaica and
North America are two case studies where a displaced population was
replaced by people who spoke different languages, brought in initially
as slaves and where communication between these people and English
speakers resulted in the development of a pidgin language that
subsequently creolized. ( ref : English – history, diversity and
change chapt 5 p 210)
References
David Graddol, Dick Leith and Joan Swann (1996) English, history,
diversity and change, The Open University
Website : http:// babel.uoregon.edu/explore/socioling/gidgin.html
What does Bethell mean when he writes, "If the Creoles had one eye on their masters, they kept the other on their servants"? conscious social position, not friendly w/ peninsulares but worried from lower class revolution
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The Native Americans of the southeast live in a variety of environments. The environments range from the southern Appalachian Mountains, to the Mississippi River valley, to the Louisiana and Alabama swamps, and the Florida wetlands. These environments were bountiful with various species of plant and animal life, enabling the Native American peoples to flourish. “Most of the Native Americans adopted large-scale agriculture after 900 A.D, and some also developed large towns and highly centralized social and political structures.” In the first half of the 1600s Europeans encountered these native peoples. Both cultures encountered new plants, animals, and diseases. However, the Indians received more diseases compared to the few new diseases to the Europeans. The new diseases resulted in a massive loss of Native Americans, including the Southeast Indians which had never encountered the new diseases. Three of the main tribes in the southeast were the Cherokee and the Creek. They were part of a group of southeast tribes that were removed from their lands. These tribes later became known as “The Five Civilized Tribes because of their progress and achievements.”
Another difficulty cultures deal with is language and the way people speak. In some cases, people struggle to belong by making changes in the way they speak the English language just to be assimilated. They attempt to use words and letters, as well as body language that fit in the norm; all in an attempt to denounce their original intonation and style of pronunciation. One ...
During the 1970s American Indians in California were at a disadvantaged that included unemployment, poverty, unsanitary living conditions, deteriorating homes, and illness like diabetes, pneumonia, and hepatitis. As a means to deal with the hard life on the reservation some tribes included gaming to their way of life. The idea behind incorporating casinos to the reservation was to achieve some measure of economic self sufficiency (Weeber 85). It is important to mention that there are many Native American tribes not cashing in on casino profits, because of moral or traditional reasons, or because they are geographically in a bad area (Canby 332). Some of these tribes are still without electricity, water, paved roads, and medical facilities among other necessities (Barker 155). In this paper I will show how the Pechanga tribe flourished from poverty because they adopted gaming as a form of economic growth. Next, I will talk about the internal struggle, known as “disenrollment” that has affected the tribe before and after the adoption of gaming. Last, I will explain the tribe’s power to disenrollment of members, citing Martinez v. Santa Clara Pueblo, and will show how they continue to use the ruling today.
...e, Geneviève, and Armin Schwegler. Creoles, Contact, and Language Change: Linguistics and Social Implications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2004. Print.
Haiti means “mountains country” Haitian culture represents a specific mix of physical characters especially skin color, hair texture. hair color and facial features the African culture is an ethics mix of African and European elements due to the French, African and indigenous dialects. Major customs of Haitian culture are Catholicism and voodoo a mixture of African animism which means belief in spirits and nature, some Haitians even practice both at one time. There are significant holidays in the Haitian culture as well voodoo is considered a holiday(is a belief system based on practices and traditions that originates from west African traditional regions)
Europe’s desire for trade goods from the Far East drove men such as Bartolomeo Diaz and later Vasco da Gama around the horn of Africa in search of a trade route to the luxurious products from China and India; where upon supply depots needed to be established somewhere along the coast of the African continent: Portuguese built several along the eastern coast while the Dutch built at Cape Town. While the initial establishment of supply ports were built and manned by both the Dutch and Portuguese; both were soon to discover a truth discovered in the New World not many years past—Africans were not as industrious as their European counterparts much like the indigenous people of the Caribbean and coastal regions of the Americas and later deep into the interior. Africans began to resent the presence of the Dutch and Portuguese both were dealt with in kind, but were doomed as the push for land, minerals, and cattle drove the Europeans deeper into the veldt, highlands, and savannah of Southeast Africa.
Language is a mean of communication in any given society. It represents the ability to evolve and progress through the ongoing process of living with other human beings. Many can perceive this instrument as tool of liberation and transformation but others as an instrument to enslave, manipulate or oppress a group of people. Whichever the case one need to acknowledge that it is necessary and not a waste of time the many different discussions about this ongoing topic regardless of the time period or social context any country might have. In Puerto Rico, there has been an ongoing dilemma about languages; Dr. Alicia Pousada examines on her essay what many might define “the language madness on the island”. Throughout this paper some of her most interesting ideas will be shared and discussed so that this already extended topic might find another page to take place.
Starting with the opening of the Carlisle Indian industria school in pennsyvania in 1879 native Americans boarding schools have historically played a large roles instriping redfinesing and discovering native American identity. During this early period of the bording schools the united states government established sevel schools as foligations under American Indian treaties. The earliestboareing schools for native American children were run by government paid religious associations with the goal to save the sole of native American children by having them assimunlate to eropean American views values and relgion. President grant himself said that the single major objective of the Indian educational system was “ the civilization and ultimate citizenship” of native Americans. The bureau of Indian affairs would later use this assumulation model in their own boarding schools. They wished to replace Indian culture with the primer and the hoe. It was believed that the children could be assuminated into American society by having them be fully surrounded by a Christian enlgish only enviromentmany. Children were forced to adent church service at times and certain school it took up over half of their time of learning. children were taken from their families and often send thousands pf miles away from their families to attend these schools often times they were literally torn away from their parent showever not all were sent by force some parents valentarly sent their children to schools often so that theirer children would have a chance to learn and find their place in the new evolving world. In the words of a kiowa apache elder “we in white mans world now. Today we got to go that way. Sadly many families also sent their children voulentry ...
"The Ojibways affirm that long before they became aware of the white man's presence on
During clinical time in the nursing program there are many opportunities for students to explore their new found nursing skills. While engaging in patient care responsibilities there are many languages, customs, values, lifestyles, beliefs, and behaviors that will differ from their own. Each patient may need healthcare providers to consider certain aspects in order to provide culturally competent care. There are many cultures that have migrated to the United States over the years including the people of Haiti. There are many aspects of their healthcare ideals that may need to be considered while providing healthcare in the hospital setting. This cultural assessment will consider the healthcare matters of an 81-year-old woman on the post-surgery floor recovering from a colectomy. Her main diagnosis is Diverticulitis and she has been suffering from this condition for many years. In the case of this research, the woman will be called Elsie. She is from Haiti and has recently migrated from America with her family after the earthquake in January of 2010.
Native American oral tradition are stories that are passed down from generation to generation. Instead of being written down, they are transmitted orally through Native language. Their oral traditions record the culture, beliefs and history of the Native Americans. Oral traditions reflect the belief that the natural world has humans and animals as well as respecting speech as a powerful literary form. They also provide explainations about the world and its orgins and teach moral lessons while conveying practical information. In addition to all of this, Native American oral traditions can change. An example of oral tradition is shown in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. Towards the end of the book Junior is describing a lake
Peyote was originally described in 1560, however it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that botanists were able to conduct field research and correctly classify the cactus (Anderson, 1980). Field studies have concluded that there are two distinct populations of peyote which represent two species. The first and most common, Lophophora williamsii extends from southern Texas reaching south to the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. The second and least common of the two species is Lophophora difusa, which occurs in the dryer terrain of the Mexican state of Queretaro. This species differs from the more common species by, "being yellowish-green rather than blue green in color, by lacking any type of ribs or furrows, by having poorly developed podaria (elevated humps), and by being a softer, more succulent plant" (Anderson 1980). Native Americans use peyote in their religious practices because of its psychoactive properties, and is usually eaten as mescal buttons, the dried, brown pieces of the above part of the cactus (Lewis, 1977).
In the United States, an emphasize in learning the dominant language, English for example, can inevitably put other languages within the country in extinction. In reality, there are many other spoken languages in the United Sates, like those spoken by Native Americans, that are becoming endangered because of the immensity of more used languages. One may ask, what is an endangered language? According to Michael Cahill (Bonvillain), who has studied and researched many different endangered languages around the world, a language is endangered when "it is in fairly eminent danger of dying out." Cahill states two ways to quickly identify when a language is on its way to becoming endangered. One is when the "children in the community do not speak the native language of their parents, and the other is when there are only a small number of people left in the ethnolinguistic community" that know how to speak the language (Bonvillain). In specific, the Cherokee language fits into the category of an endangered language in the United Sates because less and less speakers speak it and because it is taught less often to younger generations as well. Although Cherokee, a language containing its own rules in grammar, morphemes, syntax, and phonetics, was once a language spoken in vast areas around the United States by native peoples, the language struggles to survive albeit historical foreign attack and current domination of other languages such as English.