Summary The respiratory system is responsible in regulating gas exchange between the body and the external environment. Differences in respiration rate indirectly influence basal metabolic rate (BMR) by providing the necessary components for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation (Williams et al., 2011). Observation of gas exchange were measured and recorded for two mice (mus musculus) weighing 25 g and 27 g under the conditions of room temperature, cold temperature (8°C), and room temperature after fasting using a volumeter. The rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured and used to calculate BMR, respiratory quotient (RQ) and oxidation rate. The mouse at room temperature was calculated to have a BMR of 2361.6 mm3/g/hr. Under conditions of cold temperature and fasting, the BMR values decreased to 2246.4 mm3/g/hr and 2053.2 mm3/g/hr respectively. Rates of glucose oxidation increased under these treatments while rates of fat oxidation decreased. Respiratory quotient (RQ) values were calculated to determine the fuel source for metabolic activity. On a relative scale, protein or fat appeared to be the primary fuel source for all three treatments although the mouse at 8°C had the highest RQ and may have relatively used the most glucose. It was also concluded that BMR in mice are greater than in humans. Introduction In this experiment mice were studied as examples of organisms that employ physiological mechanisms to maintain and regulate internal body temperature. The respirometer uses the principle of water displacement. As the amount of gas in the respirometer changes, this will be reflected by an equivalent displacement of water in the pipette. Remember that at the same temperature and pressure,... ... middle of paper ... ...ted trends and are likely affected by many other factors such as illnesses, the presence of humans, or different external environments. Works Cited Akin, J. A. (2011) Homeostatic Processes for Thermoregulation. Nature Education Knowledge.3, 7. Biology 2A03 Lab 4 Respiratory Gas Exchange in a Mouse Lab Manual. Winter Term 2014 (2014). Biology Department. McMaster University. Gordon, C. J. (2012) The mouse: an “average” homeotherm. J Ther Bio.37, 286-290. Minke, B. and Maximilian, P. (2011) Rhodopsin as Thermosensor? Science.331, 1272-1273. Williams, C. T., Goropashnaya, A. V., Buck, C. L., Fedorov, V. B., Kohl, F., Lee, T. N., and Barnes, B. M. (2011). Hibernating above the permafrost: effects of ambient temperature and season on expression of metabolic genes in liver and brown adipose tissue of arctic ground squirrels. J Experi Biol. 214, 1300-1306.
The Resting Metabolic Rate has also been shown to have an impact on energetically costly activity allowing for resources to be dispersed to other functions (Okada, et. al., 2011).
In my last report on the mink’s external features in comparison to any human body, although there were clear differences, I was able to find many similarities between the two organisms who seemed very different at first sight. Clearly in this research and lab report about the respiratory system, similarities between humans and minks are not surprising.
I only chose respiratory as an answer. However, the correct answers are respiratory and cardiovascular because of the pulmonary circulatory system. Gas exchange occurs at pulmonary capillary beds.
The circulatory system and respiratory system share a highly important relationship that is crucial to maintaining the life of an organism. In order for bodily processes to be performed, energy to be created, and homeostasis to be maintained, the exchange of oxygen from the external environment to the intracellular environment is performed by the relationship of these two systems. Starting at the heart, deoxygenated/carbon-dioxide (CO2)-rich blood is moved in through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle when the heart is relaxed. As the heart contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to capillaries in the lungs. As the organism breathes and intakes oxygenated air, oxygen is exchanged with CO2 in the blood at the capillaries. As the organism breathes out, it expels the CO2 into the external environment. For the blood in the capillaries, it is then moved into pulmonary veins and make
In the lungs gas exchange occurs to re-oxidize the blood. Air travels through the respiratory tract to reach the lungs and back up to be exhaled into the environment. At the termination point of the respiratory tract lays the alveoli. The alveoli have a sac-like structure. In biological systems, the structure and functions of components are related. The alveoli have a structure specialized for efficient gaseous exchange. In the structure of the alveoli (alveolus), it looks as if it has the form of a hollow cavity that is paired with elastic fibers...
Other terrestrial animals maintain homeostasis slightly different to humans. For example, in regulating body heat for dogs, they can’t secrete sweat so they pant to cool down. Each living organism will maintain homeostasis slightly different to each other. For example, plants compared to animals. Plants maintain homeostasis by using their stomata, as it is used for gas exchange. These are the pores on the underside of the leaf. The cells are loosely packed and gases move though the plant in air spaces. The gases are exchanged with the atmosphere and the stomata also helps with transpiration, which maintains the plant’s internal temperature (Socratic.org, 2017). Figure 6 to the left displays
The second law of thermodynamics affirms that all living organisms must receive a constant energy input in order to survive (Witz 2000). Almost all bodily activities require energy. It is important to study how animals obtain, process, and dispose of products needed to maintain a positive energy balance. When cellular respiration occurs in the body, heat is produced and given off into the environment by the release of potential energy contained in the chemical bonds of macronutrients. The amount of heat released into the environment and the rate at which chemical reactions occur in the cells are directly related. Two different relationships exist, one that describes the endothermic animal and one that describes the endothermic animal. The rate of heat produced by the endothermic animal while at rest, fasting, and within the thermoneutral zone is dependent upon the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The thermoneutral zone of the endotherm is described as the range of ambient temperatures within which there is a limited change in metabolic rate. The standard metabolic rate is what the rate of heat loss in ectotherms relies upon. The difference between the two rates is the temperature factor. Due to that fact that the temperature of ectotherms has a wider range with ambient temperature than the endotherms, physiologists defined a different measure for the basal level of metabolism.
Body temperature (both shell and core) is maintained through homeostasis and negative feedback loops, which revert the body back to optimum levels when external changes occur. Temperature receptors in the mouth, skin, spinal cord and brain detect stimuli in the environment and relay these signals to the hypothalamus, containing various nuclei-controlling hormones and aspects of thermoregulation. This compares the body’s ideal functioning temperature of 37°C to the temperature communicated by the receptors. If there is a difference it will cause effectors to respond to the stimulus in an effort to cool down or heat up the organism.
The mean weight specific metabolic rate for the habituated females was 2.03 x 10-3 +- 1.08 x 10-3 (ml x CO2)/(g x min) and for the non-habituated females the mean was 2.15 x 10-3 +- 1.12 x 10-3(ml x CO2)/(g x min) and the weight specific metabolic rate for the habituated females was not significantly different from the weight specific metabolic rate for non-habituated females
Ross, A. C. (2005). Physiology. In B. Caballero, L. Allen, & A. Prentice (Eds.), Encyclopedia of
Thermal regulation, also known as thermoregulation, is the means by which an organism maintains its body temperature at a stable level in various climate conditions. There are several mechanisms by which an organism will regulate body temperature and furthermore, these mechanisms vary within taxonomic classes. Thermoregulatory mechanisms are as follows: endothermy, ectothermy, heterothermy, homeothermy and poikilothermy. In simpler terms, most people refer to animals as cold-blooded or warm-blooded, but this statement is inaccurate, as the blood of all of these animals are relatively the same temperature, it is the means by which the animal maintains its body temperature that is the difference.
Energy means, it is the capacity to do work. Energy metabolism is the process through which energy is produced and transformed. Food gives the energy source. We need energy to move our body muscles to do the activities. The role of energy in the body is to drag the oxygen from the air and diffuses into our blood stream. Energy is needed to circulate the blood and also for breathing and taking in oxygen.
It also helps to humidify and regulate the temperature of air passing from the environment and into the body.
Heat is produced in proportion to the work rate. This deep body temperature is more closely related to metabolic rate than to the rate at which body heat had to be eliminated (Nielsen, 1967). If we look at the criteria of heat stress documents e.g. ISO 7243, ISO 7933 and NIOSH 1986 indicate that the increased work-rate could be compensated for by reduction in environmental heat load. The standard ISO 8996 (2004) outlines the ways to determine the metabolic heat produced by the body when carrying out activities. The standard can thus be applied to support the standard ISO 7243 and 7933.