Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
An essay on classical liberalism
An essay on classical liberalism
Essays in Liberalism
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: An essay on classical liberalism
Communitarians cannot accept liberal theory. It fails to pay mind to the essence of what makes human beings function as social creatures. And while it continues to stray from its beginnings it can no longer satisfy what is necessary for an acceptable political theory. Communitarians view this distance from the original theory their main objection to liberal theory. Instead an ideal communitarian theory would involve “a more contextual and community-sensitive approach” (209).
The classical liberal theory is considered by many to be highly ahistorical, this point of view is held especially by those considered communitarians. The criticism extends further by explaining the theory as being ‘universalist’. Ignoring necessary communal living conditions in order to create a well-rounded theory that lends itself easily becomes counterproductive, as the theory loses its power when it is related to genuine nations or societies. Traditional liberalist theory’s roots originate from the French revolution, a movement whose goals included community, in partnership with liberty, justice, and equality (Kymlica 2002, 208). However ideal the theory’s origins, the progression to today’s liberal theory has left the concept of community ignored. This would be unacceptable to original liberals, as modern liberalism compensates by using liberty and justice as placeholders and vetoing the importance of the community, society and the family. This oversight is a recent product of liberalism developing only after World War II; theories viewed as evil, such as fascism and Marxist communism, used the community as a tool for controlling the masses, the theory fell out of favour. As community became removed from the liberal theory historically, literature refl...
... middle of paper ...
...the military, gay, Christian and the greater community. This would not be permitted under the communitarian view of justice. In conclusion, allowing the desire of one person to determine the direction of a community is not the ideal that was set by the French revolutionaries, it is instead what they were fighting against. A communal view of justice can provide an additional perspective to provide strength in the goals of a people. When looking for an acceptable political theory to live by, liberal theory with the addition of a communitarian view of liberty, rather than the traditional individualistic view, contains many of the desirable portions of a complete and satisfactory theory.
Works Cited
Kymlicka, Will. "Marxism & Communitarism." In Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, 173, 208-215. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Today, the definition of the term “liberal” is relatively uncontested, and its content is relatively well defined. A liberal today is someone who advocates for governmental solutions to various problems, not for unaided individual freedom. Liberals today trust and call for governmental action, not for the type of self-determination supported by Hoover. Contemporary liberals believe in individual freedom, but they typically advocate f...
In order to look at how the liberal consensus went from a high point in 1965 to a low in 1968, I think that it is first important to look at the state of the liberal consensus in 1965. Doing so will provide us with a starting point from which to measure the fracturing and also set up a framework f...
Marxism is a method of analysis based around the concepts developed by the two German philosophers Karl Marx and Fredrich Engel, centered around the complexities of social-relations and a class-based society. Together, they collaborated their theories to produce such works as The German Ideology (1846) and The Communist Manifesto (1848), and developed the terms ‘’proletariat’ and ’bourgeois’ to describe the working-class and the wealthy, segmenting the difference between their respective social classes. As a result of the apparent differences, Marxism states that proletariats and bourgeoisie are in constant class struggle, working against each other to amount in a gain for themselves.
Citizenship is something that largely defines many of us. Our citizenship comes with a community, a group of people and land to which we belong, as well as a sense of pride. Citizens of a community must coexist and cooperate with one another for the community to thrive and prosper. The idea of individuals within a community forming a mutual trust and respect for one another, is a concept Danielle Allen introduces as “political friendship.” Political friendship extends beyond the immediate reaches of one’s community, but to strangers entering one’s own community, or to those of another community with which you seek to enter. It is not friendship in the sense that a bond is formed or that there is deep rooted affection present, but rather one
Works Cited http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/sw/course/mscp.pdf. n.d. - n.d. - n.d. http://www.workers.org/articles/2013/06/13/marxism-and-the-social-character-of-china/. n.d. - n.d. - n.d. http://www.sa.org.au/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=4214:marxism-and-the-french-revolution&Itemid=506. Marsh, David, and Gerry Stoker. Theory and Methods in Political Science.
Distributive justice requires the philosophical powers of reflection of the greatest theorists. In order to solve certain social issues, the most pragmatic solution must be concocted carefully to solve the biggest loopholes. Michael Walzer is no stranger to the complexity of social inequality. In his book A Defense of Pluralism and Equality, he argues that every society decides on the value of a social good and therefore should distribute those good according to the meanings they have. The social goods (healthcare, office, membership, money, politics, education) are divided into spheres each having their own distributive arguments. Walzer’s acceptance of the pluralistic nature of human group and ideology leads to his argument of a complex equality, one that contrasts the ideas of equality explicit in Rawlsian Liberalism.
Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. "The Communist Manifesto." The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. New York: Norton, 2001. 769-773.
In his Manifesto of the Communist Party Karl Marx created a radical theory revolving not around the man made institution of government itself, but around the ever present guiding vice of man that is materialism and the economic classes that stemmed from it. By unfolding the relat...
All political ideologies proclaim to be superior next to all others; the fact is that all worldviews have failings and merits and specific purposes. I will discuss the following Political Ideologies; Marxist/Communist, Leninist/Stalinist, Progressive/Socialist, Classic Liberalism/Capitalism, and Neo-conservative. All of the above mentioned P.I has come to the forefront of this discussion because they have been the dominant forces since the second industrial revolution or what we have come to understand as “modern times”. These P.I in particular have been well suited for modern times because of their focus on economics, and power.
To Marx, history d... ... middle of paper ... ... 67 Jon Elster, Making sense of Marx, Cambridge University press 1985 C.Slaughter, Marxism and the class struggle, New Park Publications LTD 1975 Tony Bilton, Kevin Bonnett, Pip Jones etc.. Introductory Sociology 4th edition, Palgrave Macmillan 2002 Gregor McLennan, The Story of Sociology Ken Morrison, Marx Durkheim Weber, Sage publications LTD 1995 Fulcher&Scott, Sociology 2nd edition, Oxford university press 2003 --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] German Ideology, pp.8-13 [2] Karl Marx: Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy, p.150, Pelican books 1963 [3] ibid, p107 [4] Karl Marx: Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy, p.177, Pelican books 1963 [5] Essential writings of Karl Marx; p176; Panther Books Ltd ,1967
Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, and Robert C. Tucker. The Marx-Engels reader . 2d ed. New York: Norton, 1978. Print.
Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. Trans. Paul M. Sweeny. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998.
Robert Putnam’s theory of social capital is widely applied and not focused on prestigious groups or egocentrism like Pierre Bourdieu’s. Civic community, a major contributor to governmental effectiveness, is included in Putnam's study and discussed thoroughly, something that Coleman and Bourdieu failed to do. Bourdieu focused on social capital as a means for the powerful and wealthy to protect their place and to continue to thrive by way of group monopoly. Thus keeping the outsiders out. In a Marxist sense, he is primarily interested in the capital of capitalists. While Bourdieu saw it at one extreme, Coleman saw it at another by placing more focus on the benefits of social capital to the less wealthy. However, Coleman’s view of social capital also has its sho...
Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, and Robert C. Tucker. The Marx-Engels reader. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1978. Print.
Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. "The Communist Manifesto." The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. New York: Norton, 2001. 769-773.