1. Introduction
The concept of data modelling is at all times associated to the real world model. The process of data modelling is reliant on the real world model to be able to be an efficient model to be used for its purpose. The real world model consists of 5 components: the real world, the real world model (entity), data model (object), database (object) and the maps that are made from the available data. The real world model helps the map designer to better understand the information and through the components also helps to create an efficient data model where from the maps can be created.
2. Data modelling
According to G, Simsion and S, Milton Data modelling can be described as:’ The real world is observed and represented in a conceptual
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As stated in the introduction the basic components of the real world model is: the real world, real world model, data model, database and the maps created from the database. The real world is what the user observes themselves, this can be in an physical area or situation where data is being analysed and captured. The real world is essential for the modelling process. The modelling process explained by Benhardsen starts with the real world that is the proses of determining what data has to be accuired to do the modelling (Benhardsen, 2002:36). The next step is the real world model that adds different attributes to the real world and also determines what kind of model it is. This part creates an entity that is an idea. Following this step is the data model which is an object created to add the atributes of the data into a form that a computer can understand, because unlike humans a computer can’t learn esstials of different data (Benhardsen, 2002:37). The database step is where a combenation of theinformation is put into a database, that can be used to design the final step of the real world model the map creating …show more content…
Real world scenario
The real world scenario that I am going to use is a model created by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This is a storm water management model (SWMM). This model is used around the world for planning, analysis and design related to storm water runoff combined with sanitary sewers and other drainage systems in urban areas (Huber, 1988:1). The storm water management model can also be used in non-urban areas.This model is mostly used to do urban runoff analysis and can be divided into different components much like the real world model.. These components are:
- screening models that are preliminary models. In this model no computers are used and are used to determine the magnitude of the runoff and the quality problems in the areas.
-Planning models that are used for an overall assessment of the urban runoff problem as well as the quality and costs of the procedures (Huber, 1988:2).
-The design models that simulate the storm events to get an idea of what happens during these events (Huber,
Perks, Alan R. "The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System: What Went Wrong and Why." Canadian Consulting Engineer, 48.6 (2007): 10.
Moore, J. R., Bell, A. V., Jones, A. D., 2005. Forecasting for flood warning. C.R Geoscience 337, 203-217.
Aim: To determine what effect agricultural runoff has on surrounding environment, and to find what solutions can be made to reverse any damage.
Introduction: Rainwater runoff, also called non-point source, is everywhere, especially in the artificial concrete communities that we live in. Rainwater runoff occurs after rain showers and thunderstorms, when the water flows down streets, sidewalks and gutters. There is so much rainwater runoff now a day because of the colossal neighborhoods and buildings and parking lots we are creating. The runoff happens when the water can’t soak into the ground, like it naturally does. With growing cities and industrialization, runoff water is becoming more and more of a problem and people need to start worrying about it. Runoff water has the possibility of becoming very dangerous, depending on what the water takes with it. Pesticides, garbage, bacteria, sediments from roads, feces and oil/gasoline are just some of the many substances that rainwater runoff carries with it on it’s journey; and lets not forget about all of the possible toxic chemicals that would fall into its path. So many residencies have been built, causing more runoff water because it isn’t being absorbed into the soil, since the soil is covered in concrete or other substances that were used to build. Everything that rests in gutters also goes down into the soil and in sewers that dump water into soil or other bodies of water, and the effects can both be positive and negative. Substances such as phosphate can travel with the runoff water into areas with soil and grass, causing it to grow faster. While some people may think fast growing grass is helpful, lets not forget about the rest of the environment the phosphate can effect. Certain algae’s can be harmful to humans when ingested. After knowing that, people should realize that it is time for environmental management to co...
States can use watershed planning to help simplify the wetlands regulatory program in several ways. First, Advanced Identifications or similar watershed
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“Protecting Water Quality form Agricultural Runoff.” Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Protection Agency. March 2005. Web. 11 April 2014.
1. If I were to design Ben & Jerry’s data warehouse I would use several dimensions of information. The first dimension would consist of the company’s products; ice cream, frozen yogurt or merchandise. The marketing department has to know which products are selling, if Ben & Jerry’s didn’t know that their T-shirts are selling out as soon as they hit the stores, then they wouldn’t be able to take advantage of the opportunity to sell the shirts. The second dimension would consist of the different areas of sales; US, Canada, Mexico, or Europe. I am not sure if they sell their ice cream in Mexico, but with data collection they can find out if their ice cream would be a better seller in the hot climate, rather than pushing for greater distribution in Canada. The third dimension would consist of the “specifics”; where the sale was made, when the sale was made, and who purchased the product. This information can help in the design of the product to focus on the buyer; it can tailor flavors to seasons, and packaging to buyer who looks for the better-looking product. If Ben & Jerry’s could know when a season was coming to an end in a specific area, then they could forecast the need or the decline in need and speed up, or slow down distribution to those areas. The focus of the information is that it needs to be useful, and almost any information is useful.
California is a large state with an increasing population, which results to increased use of resources, especially water for human consumption, industrial uses and irrigation. However, water has become a scarce resource in California with poor communities suffering the most from the shortage. Therefore, through public policy the state government sought a solution to the issue. As a result, it led to the adoption of the recycled water policy on 3 February 2009 (Martineau, 2013). The policy aims at providing reliable and clean water supply for the state. In addition, the policy conserves the availability of fresh water sources by reducing consumption of potable water. The policy has three goals. The first goal is to increase the use of storm water by at most 500,000 acre-feet by 2020 and one million acre-feet by 2030 (Heineman et al., 2001). Secondly, it is to increase recycled water over by at least one million acre-feet by 2020 two million acre-feet by 2030. Thirdly, by 2020, it aims at increasing water conservation by 20%, especially for industrial and urban uses (Heineman et al., 2001). The methodology utilized for execution and approval of this policy was systematic. Initially, the state consulted experts in diverse areas such as water conservation experts, financial experts and other relevant players. It is important because it assisted in drafting the guidelines and rules in the policy. Furthermore, the analysis of the current problem will occur at this point. The second step was conducting a referendum where the public will pass the policy in order for the state to legalize it. During this stage, there will be an evaluation regarding the costs of the problem. The final phase is to authorize a perti...
Currently the world has a wealth of data, stored all over the planet (the Internet and Web are prime examples), but it is needed to be understand that data. It has been stated that the amount of data doubles approximately
GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on the base map. The information that is stored in the database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings, etc. each of these items don’t just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the sewer line would be represented graphically, with a line connecting the two points or something of the like. When one retrieves the information for that line in particular, the attribute data would be shown. This data would include the size of pipe, the pipe material, the upper invert elevation, the downstream invert elevation, the date installed, and any problem history associated with that line. This is the very gist of what a GIS system is.
Within the analysis phase a set of goals are needed within the domain. From this there are three perspectives which are taken; the object model the Ronald LeRoi Burback (1998) states “dynamic model, and a functional model. The object model represents the artifacts of the system. The dynamic model represents the interaction between these artifacts represented as events, states, and transitions. The functional model represents the methods of the system from the perspective of data flow.” After the analysis phase the system design phase takes place. Here the system is sub-categorized and appointed tasks and persistent data storage is established, also within this phase the architecture is formed. Lastly the object design phase starts and is where the implementation plan is established and algorithms and object classes are also
"Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff." Home. EPA, Mar. 2005. Web. 9 Mar. 2012. .
The urbanization process in Tabor sub city Hawassa will bring about adverse effects in urban storm drainage infrastructure management. The current administrative structure of the city of Hawassa is that it is divided into eight sub-cities. The study will focus on the evaluation of urban storm drainage management and detailed discussion on the urban drainage management, operation and maintenance in the specified area of study.