The cod wars between Iceland and Great Britain were ongoing from 1952-1976 and escalated three times throughout that period of time.1 This paper focuses on the cod war conflict between Great Britain and Iceland from 1972-1976 however a brief history of earlier conflicts is necessary in order to understand the critical period being analyzed. The conflict stemmed from the “extension of the fishery limits from three to four nautical miles by Iceland in 1952”2 this was largely as a result of the decline in marine resources available that Iceland “ for a long time been largely dependent on.”3 “The disappearance of the herring in Icelandic waters combined with a decline in export prices between 1966 and 1968 led to a drop in real per capita income in excess of 16 per cent”4 therefore Iceland found it necessary to extend fishery limits for the preservation of their economy. Britain’s initial reaction to the extension of fishing limits delivered by Iceland was a ban on processing and Icelandic fish in the UK.5 In retaliation Iceland turned to the Soviets; a large importer of Icelandic fish and “by 1955 the Soviet Union was the largest single importer of Icelandic fish and had replaced Britain as Iceland’s second largest trading partner.”6 The conflict turned from resource based to political with the potential for an “economic and diplomatic rapprochement” between Iceland and the Soviet Union7 which sparked concern among members of the OEEC (The Organization for European Economic Co-operation re-named OECD - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). In order to prevent closer relations between the Soviet Union and a Western state the OEEC “set up an informal group of negotiators who succeeded in preparing a resolution of the...
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Hellman, Gunther, and Benjamin Herborth. "Fishing in the Mild West: Democratic Peace and Militarised Interstate Disputes in the Transatlantic Community."Review of International Studies, Cambridge University Press. no. 3 (2008): 481-506. http:// www.jstor.org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/stable/40212486
Snyder, Jack. "One World, Rival Theories." Foreign Policy,Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive, LLC. no. 145 (2004): 52-62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4152944
Crockatt, Richard. The fifty years war : the United States and the Soviet Union in world politics, 1941-1991. London; New York; Routledge, 1995.
A youthful, liberating drive destroyed European rule, fostered alone befalling and mobility, and aggressive attempts to actualize nation-states. A bearing of all-around bread-and-butter advance brought new abundance to abounding locations of the continent. Only during the 1970s did the costs of amplification become bright as numbers outran application and resources, nationalist heroes accustomed into crumbling autocrats, and all-around recession apparent the frailties basal advance rates. Cold War and interventions to advance a altered archetypal of association are not the same. When we acquire Westad’s analogue of intervention, ‘a concerted state-led accomplishment by one country to actuate the political administration of addition
The Modoc War of 1872-1873 is significant in the Indian Wars because it was publicized worldwide and it was of the last wars in the era. The involving parties of this conflict included Modoc band leaders, Klamath Indians, the US Army and the settlers of the surrounding areas. The land of interest consisted of Southern Oregon from Fort Klamath and Klamath Reservation through the Northern border in California.
During the late 1940's and the 1950's, the Cold War became increasingly tense. Each side accused the other of wanting to rule the world (Walker 388). Each side believed its political and economic systems were better than the other's. Each strengthened its armed forces. Both sides viewed the Cold War as a dispute between right and wron...
The Black Hawk War was a major conflict between the United States of America and the Native Americans. It, like many Native American versus America wars, is fairly unknown. It took place in the year of 1832. There are many things one should know about the Black Hawk War, such as what started it, the major military events, and what happened once the war was finished.
International organizations such as NATO and the UN are essential not only for global peace, but also as a place where middle powers can exert their influence. It is understandable that since the inception of such organizations that many crises have been averted, resolved, or dealt with in some way thro...
The ‘Cold War’ is one of the most interesting ‘wars’ fought in world history. The sheer number of countries both directly and indirectly involved is enough to pose the question – To what extent was the Cold War a truly Global War? This essay will examine this idea. It will identify two main areas of argument, focusing on the earlier part of the conflict (1945-1963). Firstly it will examine the growing US and Soviet influence in the world post 1945. Secondly it will examine three main conflicts, the Berlin Blockade, the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis that these two super powers were involved in. Overall this essay will argue that the Cold War was no doubt a truly global war.
Glynn, Patrick. Closing Pandora's Box "Arms Races, Arms Control, and the History of the Cold War". New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, Inc. 1992.
Failure of the Détente Between the Superpowers The French word ‘détente’, which the Oxford English Dictionary describes as “the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation” (www.oed.com), first appeared in this context when a German newspaper used it to describe the visit of a British monarch at the beginning of the 20th century (Froman, 1991). In this essay, I will attempt to explain the cold war détente between the superpowers of the USA and the USSR in the 1970’s, concentrating first on its positive developments between 1971 and 1973 and then on the events that lead to its ultimate failure, symbolised by the soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The first real steps of relaxation of tensions were taken with the Moscow summit and the signing of the SALT 1 (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) agreement in May 1972. The SALT agreement was a staring point for attempts to control nuclear arms, to restrict the impact and spread of nuclear weapons and to secure a balance due to ‘Mutual Assured Destruction’ (the notion that a nuclear attack from one side would lead to a retaliation from the other and therefore both sides would be greatly damaged) between the two superpowers and were to be followed up by further arms limitations talks within the next five years (Kent and Young, 2004). Also, agreements were reached on lowering the risk of accidental confrontation and on cooperation in science, health and environmental issues.
This article will be important in crafting a scenario in which Arctic competition boils over into the realm of international tension, possibly bubbling into a crisis. Russia’s military assets in the region is extensive when compared to that of the United States. Russia’s impressive presence in the region can be attributed to leftover assets and foreign policy for the Cold War era, as well as a continuous vision of Russian resurgence both internationally and in the North Pole by Vladimir Putin.
The time period between 1945 and 1991 is considered to be the era of the Cold War. The Cold War, known as the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, each known during this time as the “super powers”. This conflict consisted of the differing attitudes on the ideological, political, and military interests of these two states and their allies, exte nded around the globe. A common political debate covers the issue of who, if anyone won the Cold War. Many believe the United States won the Cold War since (it) had resulted in the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union. While others are to believe the United States had not won it as much as the Soviet Union had lost it since they feel Reagan did not end the Cold War, but that he prolonged it (Baylis & Smith, 2001.) This has lead me to believe that there is no winner, only losers of the cold war. The cold war for the Soviet Union was to ensure security, block out capitalism, gain power, and improve their economy. While, on the other hand the United States just wanted to stop the spread of communism, which they felt, would spread rapidly throughout the world if they did not put an end to it soon. Both the United States and the Soviet Union wanted to avoid WWIII in the process of trying to achieve their goals.
The following paragraphs will discuss how this war, where no blood was shed, played out throughout Europe. These paragraphs will examine and provide examples of how the Cold War created a new set of geopolitical, social and economic relationships throughout the continent, as well as which of these factors was of most importance. Geopolitics is defined as the study of the effect geography has on international politics and relations. Following the Yalta Conference and the formal surrender of Germany, the geopolitical relationships amongst nations once controlled by Hitler’s army were up in the air. Would they fall into the hands of the communist forces of Stalin’s regime or would they embrace the democratic government sweeping the world thanks to the United States and Western Bloc powers?
...E. The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917-1991. New York: Oxford UP, 1998. Print.
Whenever world politics is mentioned, the state that appears to be at the apex of affairs is the United States of America, although some will argue that it isn’t. It is paramount we know that the international system is shaped by certain defining events that has lead to some significant changes, particularly those connected with different chapters of violence. Certainly, the world wars of the twentieth century and the more recent war on terror must be included as defining moments. The warning of brute force on a potentially large scale also highlights the vigorousness of the cold war period, which dominated world politics within an interval of four decades. The practice of international relations (IR) was introduced out of a need to discuss the causes of war and the different conditions for calm in the wake of the first world war, and it is relevant we know that this has remained a crucial focus ever since. However, violence is not the only factor capable of causing interruption in the international system. Economic elements also have a remarkable impact. The great depression that happened in the 1920s, and the global financial crises of the contemporary period can be used as examples. Another concurrent problem concerns the environment, with the human climate being one among different number of important concerns for the continuing future of humankind and the planet in general.
Modern warfare ranges from small to large campaigns with military fundamentals shaping the battlefield. However, none has a more significant value as the Napoleonic eras. Although France is no longer a dominant power, its military fundamentals influence the United States (U.S.) military.