The launch of stock index futures is a milestone in the development of Chinese financial markets. In the past few years, Chinese stock market was characterized as one of the most dynamic developing markets, and also the most volatile one. It rose about 97 percent in 2007, then plunged more than 65 percent in 2008 and rebounded about 80 percent in 2009. The investors and regulatory authorities hope that introduction of stock index futures trading will help increase liquidity in the stock market, reduce market fluctuations and hedge risks.
As financial futures have just been launched in China, the effect of financial derivatives trading on the underlying stock markets has been of great interest to both investors and regulators. Considering the beginning stage of futures trading, related researches and empirical results in developed derivatives markets will not only help assess the economic usefulness of derivatives markets but also help build a more effective and stable market in China. This paper purports to contribute these aims by introducing some empirical researches in Korean derivatives market and discussing implications to Chinese markets.
This paper will mainly discuss on the following two topics related to the stock index futures. First, derivative trading offers a strong welfare effect to the market and economic growth by risk shifting mechanism and the price discovery facility. Transfer of risk enables market participants to expand their volume of activity. It gives sure opportunity to develop the financial system and the macro economy. Also, in a market where information asymmetry and market friction are recognized, derivatives trading gives a better opportunity to earn money from the information differences and hence...
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...ing, and its implication to the Chinese market. Chapter 5 concludes the paper.
Works Cited
Brorsen, B. W., 1991, Futures Trading, Transaction Costs, and Stock Market Volatility, Journal of Futures Markets 11, 153-163.
China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) Annual report 2008, CSRC
Cox, C.C., 1976, Futures Trading and Market Information, Journal of Political Economy 84, 1215-1237
Jae Ha Lee, February 2002, Index Arbitrage with the KOSPI 200 Future
Leading Futures Market KRX, Korea Exchange
Ross, S. A., 1989, Information and Volatility: The No-arbitrage Martingale Approach to Timing and Resolution Irrelevancy, Journal of Finance 44, 1-17.
Sung C. Bae, Taekho Kwon, and Jongwon Park, 2004, Futures Trading, Spot Market Volatility, and Market Efficiency: The Case of the Korean Index Futures Markets, Journal of Futures Markets 24, 1195-1228
Derivatives as defined by Warren Buffet are time bombs, both for the companies that make use of them and the monetary framework. Fundamentally these instruments call for cash to change hands at a future date, with the add up to be dictated by one or more reference things, for example, premium rates, stock costs, or money values. Case in point, in the event that you are either long or short a S&P 500 prospects contract, you are a gathering to an extremely straightforward derivatives transaction, with your addition or misfortune determined from developments in the list. Derivatives contracts are of shifting length of time, running now and again to 20 or more years, and their quality is regularly attached to a few Variables.
Pennings, Joost M.E. Research in Agricultural Futures Markets: Past Present and Future. Presentation Paper: Wageningen Agricultural University: Netherlands. 8 June 2001.
Right now, it is almost impossible for people to see how strong the international commodity markets are. Our parents and cousins and friends, everyone's ears are pinned to what goes on in the market every day of their lives. We need to start teaching more about stock market trading, and with this new expansion of knowledge, we will allow for the market to grow stronger and stronger, but at a steady pace.
The expanding global market has created both staggering wealth for some and the promise of it for others. Business is more competitive than ever before, and every business, financial or product-based, regardless of size or international presence is obligated to operate as efficiently as possible. A major factor in that efficient operation is to take advantage of every opportunity to maximize profits. Many multinational organizations have used derivatives for years in financial risk management activities. These same actions that can protect multinational organizations against interest rate futures and currency fluctuations can be used to create profits for those same organizations.
From the 1970s, there has been a wave of liberalization in China, which was introduced by Deng Xiaoping. This is one of the key reasons to the rise of China to be one of the economic giants in the world. In the last 25 years of the century, the Chinese economy has had massive economic growth, which has been 9.5 percent on a yearly basis. This has been of great significance of the country since it quadrupled the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country thus leading to saving of 400 million of their citizens from the threats of poverty. In the late 1970s, China was ranked twentieth in terms of trade volumes in the whole world as well as being predicted to be the world’s top nation concerning trading activities (Kaplan, 53). This further predicted the country to record the highest GDP growth in the whole world.
In conclusion, hedging risk with financial derivatives can give firm range of benefits such as lower probability of having financial distress, lower value of debt ratio, and earn tax benefit. It can be concluded that firm should hedge risk using financial derivatives because lot evidence shows that firm using this strategy is more successful than those who are not. However, since different type of companies facing different risks, they should not necessarily use the same hedging strategy.
Market efficiency signifies how “quickly and accurately” does relevant information have its effect on the asset prices. Depending upon the degree of efficiency of a market or a sector thereof, the return earned by an investor will vary from the normal return.
Sung C. Bae, Taekho Kwon, and Jongwon Park, 2004, Futures Trading, Spot Market Volatility, and Market Efficiency: The Case of the Korean Index Futures Markets, Journal of Futures Markets 24, 1195-1228
Chapter 11 closes our discussion with several insights into the efficient market theory. There have been many attempts to discredit the random walk theory, but none of the theories hold against empirical evidence. Any pattern that is noticed by investors will disappear as investors try to exploit it and the valuation methods of growth rate are far too difficult to predict. As we said before the random walk concludes that no patterns exist in the market, pricing is accurate and all information available is already incorporated into the stock price. Therefore the market is efficient. Even if errors do occur in short-run pricing, they will correct themselves in the long run. The random walk suggest that short-term prices cannot be predicted and to buy stocks for the long run. Malkiel concludes the best way to consistently be profitable is to buy and hold a broad based market index fund. As the market rises so will the investors returns since historically the market continues to rise as a whole.
I became an enthusiast of finance ever since I was at high school. At the political economy class, my teacher asked us: if you have a million RMB, how would you use it? She then introduced us the concept of investment, and I was intrigued specifically by the stock. For the latter two years of my high school, I have been reading books and articles regarding the stock market in the U.S. and in China. As one of the outstanding students ranked top 1% in College Entrance Exam in Hainan Province, China, I was accepted by the City University of Hong Kong with a full scholarship. With the strong interest in finance, I chose quantitative finance and risk management as my major.
If the development of Financial Market in America is like a sturdy adult, I would say the development of Financial Market in China is just like a child. The history of the U.S. financial market was established and has been growing over two centuries. For China, only twenty year has now passed since the financial market was built and growth. The Chinese financial market seems to be immature compared to the U.S. For example, China’s financial market does not have a thorough monitored stock market. The child is just starting to imitate the behavior and follow the step of the adult. However, the child is too young that mistakes always being made. On the other hand, since the child is in his early growth stage, a high level of growth is undertaking and a large progress might be attained. In today's China’s financial market, it is necessary for China to gather finance professionals in development of financial market. As a recent graduate student, working in the finance field less than a year, it is extremely hard for me in making a tiny positive effect on the growth of Chinese financial. However, to be engaged myself to the development of Chinese financial market is my long-term career goal.
...ting in hedging activities in the financial futures market companies are able to reduce the future risk of rising interest rates. By participating in the financial futures market companies are able to trade financial instruments now for a future date (Block & Hirt, 2005).
Japan has one the most advanced economies in the world, with an advanced economy comes an advanced equity market. As other advanced equity markets are, the Japanese market is similar to the U.S. in its essential functions and its operation by the exchanges that allow its existence. The Japanese stock market is third largest in the world by market capitalization, surpassed only by the United States and China. Market participants trade over the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the Osaka Securities Exchange which combined to form the Japan Exchange Group (JPX) in 2013 (JPX.com). As of November 2015 there were 3500 companies listed as part of the JPX and over $400 billion dollars of shares traded in 2014 (World Federation of Exchanges).
There is one thing that differentiates the international business with the domestic business where it uses more than one currency in the commercial transaction. For example, if a company from British purchases some goods from a company from US, the international transaction will require for exchanging pounds and U.S. dollars which involve the foreign exchange market. In the foreign exchange market, any country that wish to do business with foreign country, the country need to convert their domestic currency into the foreign currency that they are wish to cooperate with through foreign exchange.
This paper will define and discuss five financial theories and how they impact business decisions made by financial managers. The theories will be the Modern Portfolio Theory, Tobin Separation Theorem, Equilibrium Theory, Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), and the Efficient Markets Hypothesis.