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Role of environment in child development
Psychological effects of parenting styles
Role of environment in development of child
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It is essential for children to have healthy psychological development, and this can be affected by many situations. At home, children are affected by their family dynamics, various parenting styles, and sibling relationships. Their peer relationships, friendships, popularity, and even social networks also impact their psychological development. In order for them to have a strong psychological development they often need to have created healthy relationships with both members of their family and their peers (Siegler, DeLoache, & Eisenberg, 2011).
Families contribute to children’s psychological development every day. One way is the dynamics of the family, or how they work together as a unit. The other members of a child’s family will directly and indirectly influence their behaviors. Often, when one family member is experiencing more stress or conflict it begins to affect the other members. This can influence the relationship between the parent and the child, which in turn can impact the child’s psychological development (Siegler, et al., 2011).
There are several reasons why the parenting style will affect the child’s psychological development. Their development is affected by the amount of support and acceptance the parent provides to the child. Another factor that influences their psychological development is the degree of control or demandingness the parent has, and the amount of autonomy the child receives. Children who experienced a healthier development usually have better social and academic outcomes that are associated with parents who are supportive and involved (Siegler, et al., 2011).
Although parenting style can have a large affect on the psychological development of a child, so can the relationshi...
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...ps, social media, and attending school. Using their relationships and associations with others, children shape a sense of who they are and where they fit in. Although children often develop most of their social skills when they are younger, it is important to remember they can continue to learn and grow, as they get older.
Works Cited
Lease, A. M., Kennedy, C. A., & Axelrod, J. L. (2002). Children’s social constructions of popularity. Social Development, 11, 87-109.
Pepler, D., Craig, W. M, & O’Connell, P. (1999). Understanding bullying from a dynamic systems perspective. In Slater, A., & Muir, D. (Eds.), The Blackwell reader in developmental psychology, (pp. 440-451). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell
Siegler, R., DeLoache, J., & Eisenberg, N. (2011). Theories of Cognitive Development. How children develop (3rd ed., pp. 128-173). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
Parenting styles have been widely defined by Baumrind into three categories, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. Parenting styles can be defined as a pattern of attitudes in how parents choose to express and communicate with their children. These styles are categorized based on the level of nurturance, parental control and level of responsiveness (Dwairy, 2004). Authoritative style exhibits high levels of demand, responsiveness and nurturance; authoritarian style exhibits high levels of demand but low levels of responsiveness, permissive style exhibits low levels of demand but high in responsiveness and nurturance (Dwairy, 2004). These parenting styles have been proposed to have a significant impact on a child’s development as well as academic achievement and psychological well-being. Children reared by authoritative parents are stated to have the highest levels of academic achievement, self-esteem, emotional adjustment and well-being according to Baumrind’s category of styles (Dwairy, 2004). However, these three categories are based on Western samples and have been said to describe parenting styles mainly in the West and question its limitations in describing parenting across cultures, as each style’s defining patterns may have different meanings across cultures.
Beyond genetics, parents have an extremely significant impact on the emotional, moral, and social development of their children. This is understandable, as many children interact solely with their parents until they reach school-age. Parents have the ability to determine a child’s temperament, their social abilities, how well-behaved or in control of their emotions they are, how mature and ambitious the child will be, and so forth. (Sharpe) Furthermore, parents have both ideals for their children as well as ideals for themselves, and how they raise their children is deeply influenced by this.
"When my kids become wild and unruly, I use a nice, safe playpen. When they’re finished, I climb out.” – Erma Bombeck. Early childhood is the most rapid period of development in a human life. Although individual children develop at their own pace, all children progress through an identifiable sequence of physical, cognitive, and emotional growth and change. A child who is ready for school has a combination of positive characteristics: he or she is socially and emotionally healthy, confident and friendly; has good peer relationships; tackles challenging tasks and persists with them; has good language skills and communicates well; and listens to instructions and is attentive (World Bank 1). The interactive influences of genes and experience literally shape the architecture of the developing brain and the most important ingredient is the nature of a child’s engagement in the relationship with his or her parents (Bales 1). The parenting style of a mother or father has a strong and direct impact on the sequence of development through which the child progresses on the way to becoming a physically, mentally and emotionally healthy individual.
Healthy families foster environments of safety and relationships that are grounded on trust. One major factor in healthy family systems is positive parenting. Both Brooks (2014) and Feldman (2014) advocated the authoritative parenting as being the most beneficial for growing children. Generally within this style of parenting, Brooks noted that these types of parents provide emotional security and build up self-esteem in their children. Clear Rules are given, but they can be somewhat flexible and can come with explanations if the children would want to discuss the reasoning behind the rule (Brooks, 2013). Feldman explained that the environment that these parents create by parenting in this manner exudes warmth and support. Another factor in healthy family systems is that they lay the foundations for positive growth. Because open communication with the children is a common practice in this family life, the children are able to strengthen their communication and social skills (Brooks, 2013). Feldman supported that fact and added that with an environment that provides a strong sense of security, children are better able to make and maintain lasting relationships. With the safe, emotionally se...
children’s personality, character, and competence” (Baumrind, 1978). It is amazing that children who are raised in completely different environments can go on to possess similar characteristics later in life. But why is this the case? The functions that parents perform greatly influence how children develop. A tremendous amount of research has been done on the effects of parenting styles since 1966 when Diana Baumrind first published her three prototypes of parenting styles, but many parents fail to understand the power they possess in shaping the future lives of their children and the need for a responsible strategy regarding the rearing of their children.
Parenting styles can shape the outcome of a child future. Since the behavioral genetics has shown that temperament emerges early in life and remain fairly constant through the life span (Pinker, 2004), it is important that a good parenting style is used to ensure that the child develops all the qualities needed for physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development. Of all the parenting styles, I have selected the authoritative and indulgent styles, which I believe would produce a secure and avoidant attachment respectively. And although these model works well in the United States, researchers have found that in different cultures and society different outcome in parenting styles and attachments are based solely on those country cultural practices.
Every family is unique in dynamic and nature. Parenting styles within families vary depending on circumstance and principal. What defines parenting styles is the approach that parents take on raising their children and the psychological and social effects it has on their child’s development. These parenting techniques influence the child’s lifestyle and beliefs throughout their life and have lasting effects on the child’s adulthood. In the research article Child self-esteem and different parenting styles of mother’s: cross-sectional study discusses that “Parenting style refers to the practices adopted by parents during their children’s growth and socialization stages and how the children are controlled.” Developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind
During a child’s development, he goes through different stages in life, so parents create their own parenting styles from a combination of factors which evolve over time. For instance, during the stage of infancy,
All children will go through changes as they grow from childhood to adulthood. This change is and significant part of one’s development, known as adolescence. The relationship a child has with his/her family is a big impact on why most young teenagers...
A parent’s parenting styles are as diverse as the world we live in today. Nowadays, parents only want what is best for their children and their parenting styles plays a crucial role in the development of children which will in the long run, not only effect the child’s childhood years, but later prolong into their adult life as well.
In one’s childhood it is apparent that the immediate family members have a significant impact on the way a child grows up. The environment a child is raised in can and will affect him or her in many ways. Developing siblings learn from one another through everyday play and family activities. The interactions within a family provide many opportunities to acquire social, emotional, and behavioral skills (Conger, Stocker, McGuire, 2009).
“In middle childhood, 30% of a child’s social interactions involve peers, compared to 10% in early childhood” (Blume, 2010). Children place a large importance on friendship more when they grow older. In early childhood, friendships are associated with a particular activity. During middle childhood, children focus more on bonds and trust when it comes to making friends. Children start to use selective association meaning that children start to pair off with people that have the same interests as them. Sociable kids are attracted to other sociable kids and children who are shy tend to get left behind.
“The most beautiful thing in this world is to see your parents smiling and knowing that you are the reason behind that smile.” Our parents’ first concern; which parenting style to follow in order to raise up a well-developed, and well-mannered person. Matter of fact, a huge debate went over this particular issue, whether strict parenting is the right method, or being leant is the correct method. "There is clear evidence that parents can and do influence children." (Maccoby 1). Although, there are numerous factors that can affect the parenting process, or affect the way the parents treat the child (Bossard 333) (Maccoby 1). For instance, different home circumstances... the divided home, or the neglectful home, or the mother-controlled home, or may be the overly demanding home, or the home with too many bosses, so all these different home atmospheres are major factors that affect the development of any child (Bossard 333). In addition, the parents’ attitude towards the child is mostly effective in the formation of the child's personality (Bossard 334). Furthermore, the genetic effect of the child is very important, researches proved that genes are one of the most effective factors in the parenting process, and genes affect the child's own behavior characteristics, and also influences the way the parents are tending to treat their son/daughter (Maccoby 5). I will explain the three major parenting styles and will prove that it is not possible to assume that there is one best style to follow, because each home or family have their own special cases or circumstances that will affect the parenting process
Parenting styles have the capacity of influencing a child’s social, cognitive, and psychological growth, which would then affect the child both in their childhood years, and as an adult.
There are three major recognized parenting styles: Permissive, Assertive and Neglectful. All carry different characteristics and bring different reactions from the children. Parenting styles such as these can be beneficial to the children. The relationship of each parent and child is totally different, thus there is no one way to parent. The quality of parenting is more important than the quantity of the time spent with the child (Brigid Schulte, March 2015). Parenting styles represents how their parents demand and respond to their children. Parents tend to create their own methodology of teaching as children go through completely different stages in life. People believe that the parents who give their children proper love, nurture, independence and control, have the children who seem to possess higher levels of