Gebhard (2006) as cited in Santoso (2010) described that,
“EFL can be defined as the study of English by people who live in places in which English is not used as a means of first language communication”.
By this, English is a study for society where English as their foreign language and it does not require them to speak along with English as their daily communication. A similar definition is expressed by Harmer (2007) who defines EFL as the teaching of English where the students are studying English in their own country or are engaged in short courses conducted in English-speaking countries such as the United States, Britain, Australia, Canada, Ireland, or New Zealand. Gunderson (2009) stated that EFL is usually learned in environments where
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In learning language, there are five important components in learning include a teacher, students, materials, teaching methods and evaluation. A teacher plays role as the sender of knowledge or information, learners play role as a receiver of knowledge from the sender, material is the knowledge will be transferred to the learners, teaching method is teacher’s management strategy in delivering the idea, the general principles or pedagogy teacher applies in teaching while the evaluation is the activity to collect the data then make it getting …show more content…
Even the target of materials is not for the ESL/EFL learners, still they are applicable to be spread out to them. There are many types of authentic materials. Genhard (1996) as cited in Azri and Al-Rashdi (2014) classified “authentic materials into three categories as follows: 1. Authentic listening materials, such as radio news, cartoons, songs, etc. 2. Authentic visual materials, such as street signs, magazines and newspapers pictures, post cards, etc. These categories also can be defined as auditory materials which provide students an audio and video. Students can practice easily through this material and the visual shown from the materials can develop students’ interest and motivation during the learning. 3. Authentic printed materials, such as food order form, reports, newspapers, ATM screens, train tickets, etc”. For instance food order form, the students can learn about the way how to order and offer food, drink, desert or appetizer. ATM screens can be a guideline for students to learn and practice how to transfer and take money from ATM machine; starting from inserting the card, choosing language up to taking back the card. Magazines and newspaper can be very useful for students to practice English
Teachers who work with English Language Learners know that academic language takes longer to achieve proficiency in than does conversational language. On average, ELL students need at least two years to achieve conversational language and, five to nine years to develop academic language proficiency. Many English words ELL students are exposed to in school, they have not yet learned or even heard in their first language, which makes transference of knowledge impossible. The vast differences in the ability to use conversational versus academic language can be a hindrance to these students and have lasting effects on their academics and therefore, their lives.
Although, ESL is an umbrella term for the goal of many learners, there are different forms of English. One of those fors is ESP, and it represents English for Specific Purposes and is a subset of ESL geared towards adults, characterizes topics such as:
In today’s competitive world, academic is very important and a good grade is most have in order to make a decent career. For the international student, this ESL class is very important. This class teaches us to adopt the writing styles used in many fields and also makes us able to communicate properly within the society. The vast diversity and increasing immigration in this country are making the society more globalized. To stand out among those crowds and make a decent career, we have to do better in learning the way the society understands and ESL class teaches us that. Furthermore, as English is generally the language used by almost everyone working and dealing at all levels, mastering it is important for ESL students to like me. Hence,
Of the several challenges that ELL students may face at school, one of the most important to remember is that these students not only have the pressure of learning at the same pace of their peers that have most likely spoken English their whole lives, but they have to do so while attempting to understand the English language. Graves' makes a paramount point on page 411 of his text where he states "it is not that English language learners come to school with a language deficit. They come with a lack of knowledge of the particular language that is used in the schools they will be attending-English."1 Therefore, it is easy to assume that even the most ready-to-learn student will have huge amounts of trouble trying to learn everything in a language that is foreign to them.
English Language Learners range from Newcomers learning survival English and developing foundational literacy skills to Long-Term English Learners who have had 6 years or more of their education in English yet continue have significant language gaps. These students may speak English with little or no accent and still lack the vocabulary, grammar and grade level literacy to be successful in school. English language learners may remain silent in the classroom as they adjust to a new school, environment, and culture unless he is a native language comrade to interact with. The English language learners are concerned about decoding verbal and non- verbal communication as well as understanding the social culture framework of the school. Most of the time English language learners are observing during instruction, trying to repeat words used by others, memorizing simple phrases and sentences, tired by midday or be frustrated attending long lectures unaccompanied by visual and gestures, relying on first language translation used peer translation or bilingual dictionary, as the students begin to learner they become more involved in the classroom, they can respond non-verbally to commands, statements, and questions in simple form. As their oral comprehension increases, they begin to use simple word and phrases and may use English spontaneously. They can understand short conversation on a simple topic when reading students can understand a narrative text and authentic materials, although they will be below
English as a second language (ESL) refers to people who have not learned English as their primary language. Some people may say that ESL is not a correct term, because there are many students who are learning English as their third or fourth language. Therefore, a better term to use would be Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). The main goal of ESL and TESOL programs are to, develop students' English-language skills, with a primary focus on communication, grammar, and vocabulary (America...
public schools in 2000-20001, nearly 4.6 million or 9.6 percent were identified as English language learners” (Koenig, J. A., & Bachman, L. F., 2004). ELL are in school systems across the board as a group of individuals in need of education that is suited for them to grasp knowledge. In testing data for companies such as NAEP, the term LEP or limited English proficiency is used instead of ELL but still means that “students developing English proficiency rather than their limitations” (Koenig et al., 2004). ELL persons are therefore classified as students that are beginning the process of gaining knowledge of the English to be integrated into a new school system meant for English speakers. These students’ goal is to strive to understand how to speak, read, and comprehend English dialect according to American
It is evident then that a relationship exists between language and culture. There is a need for EFL
The unprecedented global spread English has experienced in the last years has paved the way for changes in the sociolinguistic profile of the language. In addition to the fact that new varieties have emerged, the number of functional domains in which English plays a role has increased significantly (Sharma, 2008). Currently, English is not only a tool serving national purposes, but also a language institutionalised in several former British and American colonies, and a lingua franca used worldwide. This phenomenon has raised concern about the classification of World Englishes, as well as, about the need to adapt English Language Teaching (ELT) to the new reality. Assuming Kachru’s Concentric Circles Model, this paper will argue that pedagogies based on English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) would be more consistent with the functions of English in Expanding-circle countries than native-centered teaching methods. With this objective, this essay will first give an overview of Kachru’s model, secondly, it will consider the implications ELF methodologies have for classroom practices, and, finally, the advantages and drawbacks of such a pedagogy will be evaluated.
Many researchers like Krashen (1985), Harmer (2007), and Turnbull (2001) emphasise that in most EFL (English as a foreign language) environment, a teacher’s English proficiency ...
Thus, the book answers numerous practical questions that teachers have often struggled with; for example, how to increase the chances of academic success for language learners, how to use technology to teach language effectively, or how to teach language and content material concurrently. From the preface, the author makes it very clear that the book is designed to support language teachers in their journey as new teachers and throughout their teaching careers. In total, the book contains eleven chapters, which have been divided into four parts. The first part, "What Do Language Teachers Think About?" includes topics of foreign/ second language acquisition theories and language teaching methodologies. This part introduces the background knowledge readers will need in their journey as language teachers. The second part, "How Do You Teach a Language?" introduces approaches to teaching and learning that improve students’ writing, listening, speaking and reading abilities. Each chapter in this part includes suggestions for how students can be motivated and describes teaching and testing approaches to assess students ' language skills and academic literacy. The third part, "How Do I Know What to Teach?" is instrumental in helping teachers adopt teaching practices to particular teaching settings. The fourth part, "Where Do I Go from Here?" helps teachers gain a clearer perspective of what language teaching is all about; this section also considers teacher 's self-assessment and personal
Teaching students a language that is foreign can really be challenging for students as well as for the teachers. The dynamic rule for implementing instructing in a diverse class to English-learners is to use resourceful life skills such as diligence, hard work and patience. There are also methods that are involved in teaching English as a second language that can be creative for the teacher, yet beneficial to the student. First building a strong foundation that is essential to English learners will promote the language acquisition process. To do this teacher’s should always start with preparation. Advance preparation is essential in order to provide necessary adaptations in content area instruction and to make content information accessible for second language lear...
Long, M, H. & Doughty, C, J. ( Eds.).(2009). The Handbook of Language Teaching. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
According to Teodorescu (2010), English for Specific Purposes (ESP) came into existence soon after the Second World War as there was a huge expansion of science, technology, and business all over the world and it became essential to have an international language for specialists. Later on, ESP became so popular that it is an important branch of English Language Teaching (ELT). Therefore, ESP which has the subcomponent like English for Science and Technology (EST) and it is further minimized to English for Engineering. Adriana Teodorescu (2010).
All methods in language teaching are a pre-designed set of description of how the teacher should teach the learner and how the learner should learn obtain from a specific theory of language and a theory of language learning. These theories are attain from the parts of linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and are the origin of theory and applying in language teaching. Language teaching methods is divided into many methodologies. For example: The Direct Method, Grammar-Translation Method, Audio-Lingual Method, Total Physical Response, Audio-Lingual Method, The structural Method etc. Each method has its own rules, history, and different from one another. For example: The direct method was the reply to the disapproving with the