A critical barrier effecting sustainable growth in Cambodia is the lack of investment in human capital and education by the government. The main issue is that it has been overlooked due to fast increases in economic growth; there was a 7.3% growth rate in 2012 (The World Bank, 2013). However this growth is unequal and has only been focused within a few sectors of the economy, mainly in the capital Phnom Penh. Along with the “rapid expansion of the urban labour market” education has been left to deteriorate (UNDP Cambodia, 2011). In comparison to neighboring countries within the ASEAN Cambodia’s tertiary education is significantly far behind, “in 2007 the enrolment ratio in this sector was just 5%, compared to 12% in Lao PDR, 17% in Indonesia, and 28% in Philippines” (UNDP Cambodia, 2011). This supply side issue resulting from inefficient government spending has big implications on the demand side, attracting only low level jobs to the economy due to the low skilled workforce.
International companies who do wish to invest in Cambodia are further encouraging low skill and low pay, leading to an economy-wide low-production-quality trap occurring when there are O-ring effects “across firms as well as within firms” (Todaro & Smith, p.179, 2009). Kremer’s O Ring theory suggests local production bottlenecks have a multiplicative effect on other production; bottlenecks reduce workers’ incentive to invest in human capital as the return on their skills is lowered. This will further distort growth, the more industries moving towards O-ring reflects sources of growing inequality, therefore an industrial policy should be implemented by the government to encourage quality improvement in human capital in order to generate equal growth through...
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...on, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(3), p.33-44. Retrieved 14th December 2013, from http://www.jstor.org.
Todaro, M.P. & Smith, S.C. (2009). Economic Development. (10th ed.), Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
UNDP Cambodia. (2011). Human Capital Implications Of Future Economic Growth In Cambodia: Elements of a Suggested Roadmap, 1-176. Retrieved 23rd December 2013, from Strategic Asia http://www.strategic-asia.com.
The World Bank (2013). Data. Retrieved 14th December 2013, from http://data.worldbank.org/
Richardson, J.W. (2008) ICT in Education Reform in Cambodia: Problems, Politics, and Policies Impacting Implementation, p.1-16. Retrieved 14th December 2013, from http://itidjournal.org/itid/article/viewFile/311/143.
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The human capital, as what sociologists and economists call it, is accumulating all throughout the years in school. The educational system not only helps young people discover what they want to further pursue in life, but gives them skills and knowledge for that end occupational goal (348). With respect to the skills and knowledge received, schooling offers credentialism for students that particular jobs look for which is another reason human capital is a key role in U.S economic growth in the 20th century.
Poor countries do not always have resources to fit the bill of education services for technology. “For children in poor countries, future connectivity promises new access to educational tools…” (Schmidt 227). “Physical classrooms will remain dilapidated; teachers will continue to take paychecks and not show up for class; and books and supplies will still be scarce” (Schmidt 227). A survey was done in 2012 about Ethiopia give out tablets fully loaded with educational information to poor country; it irresistibly gave poor students a wealth of knowledge where students could write and speak English (Schmidt 227-228). Inversely, the education of poor countries has hit all time low. The countries that do not have the finance to buy or create technology for classes is detrimental to the country growth. Technology must be available for everyone. The world is hindered from becoming a better place without technology being present in education. “Just imagine the implications of these burgeoning mobile or tablet-based learning platforms for a country like Afghanistan,
Once American troops left Cambodia, the time known as the Khmer Rouge era started for Cambodia. This era contained four years of Pol Pot having control over the terrifying army. As he has control over this army, he leads them into Phnom Penh and starts the mass killing known as The Killing Fields. This area of land which was once a torturing ground and killing fields, is now the biggest tourist attraction in Cambodia. The goal of the Khmer Rouge was not to eliminate the Cambodian race but instead was to teach them to become loyal communists. As with all attempts at implementing communism, it was a total failure.
The Kingdom of Cambodia is a country that is situated within the mainland of South East Asia. Much of Cambodia's pre-colonial history revolved around the Angkor Empire, which was at the height of its power from the 900s to the 1300s, and most citizens today believe themselves to be descendants of those from the empire called Khmers. After the 1300s, the Angkor Empire, now known as present-day Cambodia, began to lose power and suffered blows from attacks courtesy of its bordering neighbors ("Cambodia," CIA). Cambodia was established as a protectorate in 1863 under the jurisdiction of France, and historically became a part of Indochina later. This agreement was made between King Norodom I and the French in order to defend Cambodia against its
doi: 10.1787/9789264195714-en SAME AS >> Learning to Change: ICT in Schools. (2001). Schooling for Tomorrow, [online] p.10. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264195714-en [Accessed 29 May. 2014].
1. Given the information I would suspect, even without evidence, that the economy might not be able to produce all the schools and beds it wants because there are inevitable constraints on any nation’s economy despite how big or small it is. On an economy’s production cycle, there are four main constraints (DukeEconomics, 2012). These are land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship. Land resources include natural resources like arable land, animals, water, etc (Jain and Ohri, 2010, p. 159). Capital encompasses man-made items like buildings and equipment; and these items are integral to present and future productivity in an economy. Under the labour category, this resource includes both the physical and mental capacity of any worker in the economy. Labour is directly related to education, training and wage. Lastly, entrepreneurship couples various resources together and it relays the provision of a good or a service (Hubbard, Garnett, Lewis, and O'Brien, 2011). These four constraints intermingle with one another and their limits in turn determine the limits of an economy.
...mme. (1999). Education and training for development in East Asia: The political economy of skill formation in East Asian newly industrialized economies. London: Routledge.
Argues that we must do more to ensure that computers are fully integrated into all our schools. Suggestion that there is no limit to the possibilities of computers; Topic of distance learning; Ways that the Internet can make schools more effective; Call for schools to develop innovative budgeting to acquire the funds for te...
Over the years society has changed in many different ways. In particular, technology has been the largest change that has occurred over the year. Only a few years ago the iPhone came out and it has forever changed the way people view their phone. Internet has also become very assessable resource. There are places everywhere to access a computer or free Wi-Fi. These changes have led to the alteration of the accessibility and use of technology in the education setting. The changes made to technology in the education setting have led to many positive outcomes that have allowed many types of people access to education that could not get it prior. There are however, many critics that refute these changes and say that virtual education can be biased and expensive. Although, there are many critics that do not agree with technology in education, have this can give access to many students with disabilities as well as people who have limited time or ability to further an education.
Globalization is defined as the act of creating connections between countries across the globe in terms of culture and economy. Almost on every part of the world, citizens have become a part of the global village. Even though various researches stated that there are negative effects of globalization for particular reasons, the positive impacts were clearly shown to be stronger especially in developing countries such as Cambodia.
The Impact of the Internet on Education A dusty, one-bedroom schoolhouse on the edge of a village. An overworked teacher trying to manage a room full of boisterous children. Students sharing schoolbooks that are in perpetual short supply, crammed in rows of battered desks. Children worn out after long treks to school, stomachs rumbling with hunger.
There are several reasons as to why unemployment persist and is increasing in Papua New Guinea. One of them is lack of education and lack of skills to secure a job. With a literacy rate of PNG at 53.7 percent almost half the population is illiterate. Some form of education is required to get a job and if you don’t meet the criteria you end up being unemployed or earn a minimum salary job such as security guards or gardeners’. With 41-60 percent of Papua New Guineans making less than two dollars a day , and with the school fees increasing every year most parents cannot afford school fees and other necessities for education. Thus children are forced out of school or are not even enrolled in school. Mercy International Association, 2010 reports that education opportunities are sabotaged because parents couldn’t afford to pay school f...
Zhao, Y. and Frank, K. A. 2003, “Factors Affecting Technology Uses in Schools: An Ecological Perspective”, American Educational Research Journal, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 807-840, viewed 15 Jan 2014, retrieved from Sage Online Article.
Do your know which country should you go to during a vacation? Now, you might be thinking of Hawaii or someplace in Europe. For me, my answer is Cambodia. Cambodia is a country located in Southeast Asia. It is 181,035 km2 big and has a population of 15,458,332 people. Phnom Penh is its capital. Last summer, I went to Cambodia for volunteering. My trip to Cambodia soon became my most memorable trip.
Due to the dependence on non-internal markets, Singapore is more vulnerable to repercussions and actions of the global markets and as a result, the global recession had impacted unemployment rates heavily, which had resulted in a rise in unemployment. Putting that aside, Singapore is known to be among one of the highest employment ratings in the world. Another form of unemployment which is a challenge to Singapore is structural unemployment. Moving alongside Singapore’s speedily developing economy is its shift from being a labour intensive economy to a capital intensive one. This is inescapably met with the challenge of the substitutions of skills in the labour force of Singapore. For example, the recent shift into the biomedical and Research and Development (R&D) industries subject workers who can only work in the lower end of manufacturing industries tend to find themselves unemployed because the mass production work is usually outsourced to other economies that are developing. In order to solve this issue, the government of Singapore had invested a large sum in training and education, with and average of one in four citizens who were employed in 2010 to be degree holders, therefore allowing citizens of Singapore to remain relevant and