The information presented in the book Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women written by Caroline Walker Bynum starkly contrasts many modern-day assumptions about religious medieval women, suggesting that rather than internalizing the misogyny perpetuated by the men of the Middle Ages, medieval women instead relished in their femaleness and used their status in society to grow closer to God. Through the analysis of several hagiographies, amongst other pieces of evidence, Bynum illustrates the effect choosing different symbols has on the overall mindsets of men and women in the Middle Ages. Bynum’s arguments about the cultural stereotype in the Middle Ages of men as the nurtured and women as the nurturers creates a link to the religiosity of both genders, and how women specifically used their status in society to enhance their religious experiences.
In the beginning of Holy Feast and Holy Fast, Bynum provides background information on the history of women in religion during the Middle Ages, highlighting the different statuses of men and women in society during that time. It is important to understand the culture of the Middle Ages and the stereotypes surrounding men and women to appreciate Bynum’s connection between status, accessibility, and piety. As an example, Bynum mentions that there appear to be basic differences between even the lives of holy women and the lives of holy men, which was because “women lacked control over their wealth and marital status” (Bynum p. 25). Men are clearly construed here as having more power in their daily lives than women—this is a simple, but major, distinction between the two genders which provides reasoning towards their divergence in practices. Women’s s...
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...on social interactions, and the perspectives of both genders.
Caroline Walker Bynum raised several thought-provoking claims in her book Holy Feast and Holy Fast, but her main argument of the mindset of medieval women with regards to their status in society was the most intriguing. Rather than simply agreeing with most traditional medievalists, she analyzes the male/female difference in terms of which symbols each gender used, and how these symbols tied in to their distinct religious concerns. She maintains that women accepted their place in society and religion, and instead of succumbing to the misogyny, they used their association with the flesh and humanness to connect themselves to the humanity of God. Her arguments regarding medieval women and their practices also implies that she is accepting of the idea of gender as a valuable category of historical analysis.
Christine De Pizan’s work in The Book of The City of Ladies pioneers a new genre of feminist literature that exposes a time period from the perspective of its female population. Due to this, De Pizan justifiably earns the title of a revolutionary author. However, to say that De Pizan revolutionized the conditions of women in the medieval ages and onward is an overstatement. In her book, De Pizan critiques sexist arguments in order to defend women against misogyny. The change that De Pizan presented in medieval culture was gradual because she was attempting to amend people’s perspectives on women rather than offer any institutional rectifications. She worked to establish that women can be just as mighty as men, and thus, they are not innately inferior. However, her goal was not to ensure that women have equal access to exercise and pursue their virtuous roles. Therefore, if observed
Saint Christina of Markyate’s story provides more than the religious experiences of a hermit, it presents twelfth-century life in, mostly, the Huntington area of England in a very detailed manner. Baptized as Theodora, Christina of Markyate’s path of religious devotion is claimed to have begun in her early teen years with a vow of chastity (35). This vow was only known to one other person, a close friend named Sueno, until her parents attempted to arrange a marriage for her. Being described as attractive and intelligent, as well as coming from a wealthy family, this was not uncommon for women in Christina’s lifetime. Upon declining the first suitor, a bishop, her hardships begin and, at times, seem as though they were both unlikely to end and
Throughout history there have been many cases of women who possess strong powers and a passion for God, especially in the Middle Ages. One woman that fit into that category was Margery Kempe, a fifteenth-century visionary, who was a controversial figure in the Christian faith. Margery insisted that Jesus talked to her, while many people thought that she was being possessed by the devil. During the time of The Middle Ages many stories of women saints were being exposed with many differences from Kempe’s life, however there were some surprising similarities as well. Medieval female saints and martyrs were intended to be chaste if they were single and virtuous if they are married. They were also extremely devoted and pure to Christ, not giving in to any temptations. Kempe seems to be tempted by men, but then immediately followed by shame. On the other hand she posse’s qualities the saints share like, visions, passion, a desire to be chaste and, commitment. Saint Margaret of Antioch is one of the saints that appear often in “The Book of Margery Kempe”. She is a martyr who death occurred sometime in the late thirteenth century. Unlike the
During The Second Great Awakening, the legal rights of men and women were greatly influenced by gender and race. Paul Johnson and Simon Wilentz’s book, The Kingdom of Matthias, describes the life of two young women, Isabella Van Wagenen and Isabella Matthews Laisdell, both of whom men’s power effected. During the nineteenth century, men were the “backbone” of the family; the men made the money, supported, and provided for the family. Throughout the era, women were nothing more than housewives. A woman’s daily job was to cook, clean, and care for the children. The views of motherhood changed over time as the mothers began bearing fewer children. This alteration was made with the intentions of showing each child more attention with the hopes that the family would rise in social standard and class. There are extreme cases of women's social and spiritual roles changing in The Kingdom of Matthias (Kelly, Dustin). The rising market shaped the rights and freedoms of the women in society. Matthias thought that the increasing rights of women degraded his rights as a man and as a laborer (Fiorini, 3/27).
The Middle Ages was a time when women were supposed to be models of virtue, yet they acted contrary to such beliefs. As young women, they were supposed to strive for perfection and protect their virginity (Bardsley 96-97). In reality, women were often free with their virtues, and according to Francis and Joseph Gies, “The chastity of women was eternally suspect in the eyes of canonists, who perceived them as ever eager for sexual gratification.” Women were presented with conflicting messages when told that they were sources of evil, but were also told they were to exemplify the model of Mary (Bardsley 172) By modeling Mary, women were to be virtuous and holy and not self-seeking. However, women were far from this model of Mary, and they received little respect from men. Men dominated women, and they never escaped male control. As girls, their fathers controlled them, and later in life they were subject to their husbands (McLean and Singman 24). Because of this, women were seen as scandalous if they attempted to obtain power, money, or land.
Looking back through many historical time periods, people are able to observe the fact that women were generally discriminated against and oppressed in almost any society. However, these periods also came with women that defied the stereotype of their sex. They spoke out against this discrimination with a great amount of intelligence and strength with almost no fear of the harsh consequences that could be laid out by the men of their time. During the Medieval era, religion played a major role in the shaping of this pessimistic viewpoint about women. The common belief of the patriarchal-based society was that women were direct descendants of Eve from The Bible; therefore, they were responsible for the fall of mankind. All of Eve’s characteristics from the biblical story were believed to be the same traits of medieval women. Of course, this did not come without argument. Two medieval women worked to defy the female stereotype, the first being the fictional character called The Wife of Bath from Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. The second woman, named Margery Kempe, was a real human being with the first English autobiography written about her called The Book of Margery Kempe. In these two texts, The Wife of Bath and Margery Kempe choose to act uniquely compared to other Christians in the medieval time period because of the way religion is interpreted by them. As a result, the women view themselves as having power and qualities that normal women of their society did not.
During this time period women were not respected at all and were belittled by all med in their lives. Even though men don’t appreciate what women they still did as they were told. In particular, “Women have an astoundingly long list of responsibilities and duties – th...
In this paper, I will be examining the major arguments that Miri Rubin presents in her book Emotion and Devotion: The Meaning of Mary in Medieval Religious Cultures. Rubin’s book is divided into three chapters or areas of focus which are: The Global “Middle Ages;” Mary, and Others; and lastly Emotions and Selves. In each of these chapters, Rubin explores a particular topic that she thinks is important to the understanding of the challenges that exist in studying the religious culture of the Middle ages—especially in their relation to the figure of Mary. I will begin this paper by drawing out the main argument that is offered in each chapter along with the supporting evidence that Rubin provides. Then, I will briefly evaluate the quality of
In Western Europe, between 1200 to 1500, many women gained boundless admiration as glorified souls for their extreme adherence towards Christianity. Many of these activities of extremities involved celestial amplifications of meals, physical mutations, and long term fasting. Such experiences beam aglow on the medieval culture and society, shedding light on the antiquity of women within that community. In the book, Holy Feast and Holy Fast by Caroline Walker Bynum, she addresses two main things when it came to medieval times and their women, physical suffering and food.
Women in different societies around the world, during the Middle Ages, experienced different hardships and roles. These hardships and roles helped shape how they were viewed in their society. Some women were treated better and more equal than others. In Rome, Medieval England, and Viking society, women’s legal status, education, marriage and family roles were considered diverse, but also similar. In certain nation’s women have more or less power than women in other nations, but none equal to the power that women have in America today.
In The History of The Franks and The Lais, both Gregory and Marie de France focus a lot on the stories that are related to women. Also, according to them women’s status in the 12th centuries seems to elevate compared with the previous centuries. On one hand, women tend to have power, either regarding to economic or family, in their hands. Women in The History of The Franks own their own control over economic power in the family, and they can even become an inheritor or a superviosr on the behalves of their husbands. In Le Fresne, the rich men’s wife decideds everyting by herself without even telling her husband-- to abandon one of her twin daughters and to arrange her daughter’s marriage. On the other hand, they are free to love, which means
The achievement of gender equality is one of the most important movements for advancement of society. In the High Middle Ages, however, it was even more challenging to bring such sensitive debate. Christine de Pizan, a highly educated and religious woman, chose an unusual pathway for a woman in her era that she became a writer to support her family. Christine’s work, “The Treasure of the City of Ladies,” could be seen as feminist because she offered a broad view of how an ideal artisan’s wife should be.
Women played an undignified role and were evaluated as dishonorable, being treated with less respect than men. This perspective is seen in document two, Western Europe: Jewish Commentary on Women Reciting the Grace after Meals, document three, Legal Code from the Byzantine Empire and document five, Muslim Traveler Ibn Battuta in Mali. In The Legal Code from the Byzantine Empire (doc 3), society didn’t want women and men to be mixed in...
The status of women within the Catholic Church is often deemed a controversial topic. In particular, the position of females in the contemporary Roman Catholic Church is an interesting notion to consider. By considering the roles of women today in the Roman Catholic Church, this essay will analyse the trends and difficulties regarding women and describe the necessary steps to take to advance steps to equality. Furthermore, official teachings of the Roman Catholic Church will be referenced. Upon concluding this essay, it will be obvious that the challenge in the contemporary Roman Catholic Church is to reclaim a rightful status for women by recognising their value as equal members of their community.
In the past of humanity, women's status have always been ambigious. Either they were worshipped as goddesses or despised as unworthy workers. In this research I will analyze closely what it means to be a female in our age and in medieval period by means of two sagas: The Saga of The Volsungs and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki.