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In 1978, James Dale joined Boy Scout Troop 73 of Matawan, New Jersey at the age of eight. After ten years and a journey through the various levels of Scouting, Dale was awarded the Eagle Scout Badge, a high honor achieved by only a minute fraction of Scouts. Soon after being awarded the Eagle Scout Badge, Dale was offered adult membership in the Boy Scouts. In addition, he was invited to become assistant scoutmaster of Troop 73. After graduating high school, Dale went on to study at Rutgers University. While there, he attended a gay-lesbian youth needs seminar, which the Boy Scouts of America officials discovered through media coverage of the event (Boy Scouts). After news of Dale’s participation, he was abrubtly dismissed from the organization with no immediate explanation. Sometime later, Dale received a letter explaining that “avowed homosexuals” are not allowed in the BSA (Hanley).
After receiving confirmation that he was kicked out of the BSA due to his homosexual nature, Dale sought legal action. Dale began by contacting BSA officials to review his expulsion but was denied a hearing. Next, Dale and his lawyers filed a suit against the BSA with the charge that the BSA and Monmouth Council violated New Jersey’s Law Against Discrimination. Dale’s case was then dismissed by Superior Court Judge Patrick J. McGann. Judge McGann wrote, “Men who do those criminal and immoral acts cannot be held out as role models.” Later, the intermediate appeals court reversed the superior court, ruling that the BSA is a place of public accommodation because it claims to be open to all boys. Because of this determination, the BSA is not exempt from civil rights laws. In January of 1999, Dale’s attorney argued the case before the New Jerse...
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...sexuals, but also need to see that they should not fear discrimination in any public facet of their lives that is protected by law. It is increasingly important that cases such as these wrongly decided be argued again so that those individuals relating to this case may be heard and those ten-years-ancient values be realigned.
Works Cited
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Hanley, Robert. "Appeals Court Finds in Favor Of Gay Scout." The New York Times. The New York Times, 02 Mar. 1998. Web. 20 Feb. 2014.
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Cozzens, Lisa. "Plessy v. Ferguson." After the Civil War:. N.p., 17 Sept. 1999. Web. 23 Apr. 2014.
The case started with a third-grader named Linda Brown. She was a black girl who lived just seen blocks away from an elementary school for white children. Despite living so close to that particular school, Linda had to walk more than a mile, and through a dangerous railroad switchyard, to get to the black elementary school in which she was enrolled. Oliver Brown, Linda's father tried to get Linda switched to the white school, but the principal of that school refuse to enroll her. After being told that his daughter could not attend the school that was closer to their home and that would be safer for Linda to get to and from, Mr. Brown went to the NAACP for help, and as it turned out, the NAACP had been looking for a case with strong enough merits that it could challenge the issue of segregation in pubic schools. The NAACP found other parents to join the suit and it then filed an injunction seeking to end segregation in the public schools in Kansas (Knappman, 1994, pg 466).
Bartollas, Clemens and Miller, Stuart J. (2014). Juvenile justice in america (7 ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, 58-60.
The case started in Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grader named Linda Brown had to walk one mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school, even though a white elementary school was only seven blocks away. Linda's father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll her in the white elementary school seven blocks from her house, but the principal of the school refused simply because the child was black. Brown went to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka's branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for help (All Deliberate Speed pg 23). The NAACP was eager to assist the Browns, as it had long wanted to challenge segregation in public schools. The NAACP was looking for a case like this because they figured if they could just expose what had really been going on in "separate but equal society" that the circumstances really were not separate but equal, bur really much more disadvantaged to the colored people, that everything would be changed. The NAACP was hoping that if they could just prove this to society that the case would uplift most of the separate but equal facilities. The hopes of this case were for much more than just the school system, the colored people wanted to get this case to the top to abolish separate but equal.
Ray v. Blair. No. 649. Supreme Court of Alabama. April 3, 1952. Web. 13 Mar. 2012.
Throughout history openly practicing homosexuals have not been accepted in the United States Armed Forces. During the American Revolution and the Civil War, while no military code actually addressed homosexuals, anyone found committing homosexual acts was dishonorably discharged (Walke). With the turn of the century, the U.S. military actively began prohibiting and prosecuting homosexual acts (Walke). Throughout the 20th century, individuals seeking to serve in the military were prohibited from serving if they had a history of homosexual activity. With his election in 1994, President Bill Clinton sought to change this prohibition. However, once in office he met opposition from military leadership. As a result, a compromise between the Clinton administration, military officials and conservatives brought about the “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” policy.
Justice John Paul Stevens believed that by allowing the Boy Scouts to ban homosexuals, the Supreme Court is allowing the organization to be superior over the New Jersey anti-discrimination laws in place. The judges all agreed that the Boy Scouts have a right to advocate their opinions as a group. However, Souter claims that the Boy Scouts should not be considered to have an expressive association case because the organization does not specifically make sexual orientation a topic to be advocated against. Steven’s acknowledged that the Boy Scouts have a list of morals to live by in their Scout Oath and Law, and that none of the principals such as “morally strait” or to be “clean” to refer to homosexuality. Therefore without expressive association being questioned, this case simply deals with anti-discrimination against a sexual orientation. (Boy Scouts,
Nagourney, Adam. "Court Strikes Down Ban on Gay Marriage in California." New York Times. N.p., 7 Feb. 2012. Web.
Sheppard v. Maxwell - 1966. (n.d.). Justia US Supreme Court Center. Retrieved April 7, 2014, from http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/384/333/
Wintermute, R. (2002). Sexual Orientation and Human Rights: The United States Constitution, the European Convention and the Canadian Charter. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Paperbacks.
"State Laws Related to Internet Privacy." State Laws Related to Internet Privacy. N.p., 23 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Feb. 2014.
David Thelen, “History After the Enola Gay Controversy,” JAH 82, no. 3 (December 1995): 1029-1035 https://troy.blackboard.com/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_17_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_369657_1%26url%3D (accessed February 15, 2014).
Conroy, Theresa. "Gay Teen Fights to Educate Tormenters." Philadelphia Daily News. 2 Jan. 1996. http://www.critpath.org/rhea/bmurray.htm (23 Apr. 1998).