Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
essays on the history about childhood vaccines
i introduction of Louis Pasteur
paper on history of vaccination
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: essays on the history about childhood vaccines
Professional Development Module 6
Borrowed Theory: Louis Pasteur, Germ Theory
Administration
Louis Pasteur could easily be considered one of the greatest patrons of humankind his work in the discovery of vaccinations for rabies, anthrax, chicken cholera and silkworm diseases contributed greatly to society (Rhee, 2014). Pasteur’s accomplishments point to singular brilliance and determination of Pasteur's nature. His work aided in developing medicines in areas such as stereochemistry, microbiology, bacteriology, virology, immunology, and molecular biology. Furthermore, his work has safeguarded millions of people from disease through vaccination and pasteurization (Rhee, 2014).
By searching for the causative agent of infectious disease the focus can then be shifted into discovering preventative and treatment of the disease. Examples of this process are the outbreak of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). As published by McEwen & Wills (2011), BSE was identified as a protein transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated meat. Prevention and interventions were created as a result of the discovery of the protein. Comparably, AIDS, was first identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in September of 1982, however, months passed before the causative agent was deemed a retrovirus later to be determined the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Even before the virus was isolated methods of transmission was recognized and interventions were acknowledged (McEwen & Wills, 2011).
Administration of theory is how the theory applies to the population it serves. Louis Pasteur theorized that a specific organism or germ was capable of causing an infectious disease (...
... middle of paper ...
...illiams & Wilkins.
McLeod, S. (2014). B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning | Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
Nursing Theories (2012). Behavioral Model. Retrieved from http://nursingplanet.com/theory/Behaviorist_theory.html
PBS (1998). A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhfreu.html
Rhee, S. Y. (2014). Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). Retrieved from http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Louis_Pasteur.php
Thornton, S. P. (n.d.). Freud, Sigmund [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]. Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/freud/
Weisstien, E. W. (2007). Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific
Biography. Retrieved from http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Pasteur.html
There is no greater example of this than the change of thought amongst people regarding Miasma. Until this time it was a long held belief that Miasma (polluted air) was the cause of illness. This shifting in the public’s conviction shows how both science and medicine can impact society. Consequently this shift in knowledge occurred as the result of one of history’s most significant contributions to science, the discovery of fermentation. Rosenberg identifies Pasteur’s discovery as one of the defining elements to the eventual identification and eradication of cholera. Rosenberg plainly outlines the changes occurring in the field of science and from his writing it could be assumed that this was also the first introduction to the ontological theory of disease (external source of illness). Pasteur’s fermentation experiments were occurring at the same time as the Cholera epidemic and his results showed that spontaneous generation was not to blame but instead a microscopic bacteria. Fungi as a source of illness among plants, animals, and humans was already widely accepted, as a result the causation of disease took a change of course and the foundation of Germ Theory was
In 1982, Robert Gallo from the National Cancer Institute in the USA, put forward the hypothesis that the cause of AIDS is a retrovirus. One year later, Myron Essex and his colleagues (1) found that AIDS patients had antibodies to the Human T-cell Leukemia virus Type-1 (HTLV-I), a virus discovered by Gallo a few years earlier. At the same time, Gallo and his colleagues (2) reported the isolation of HTLV-I from AIDS patients and advocated a role for this retrovirus in the pathogenesis of AIDS. This hypothesis however, was not without a few problems:
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized as a new disease in 1981 when increasing numbers of young homosexual men succumbed to unusual opportunistic infections and rare malignancies (Gallant49).During this time, many people were contacting this disease because it was not discovered yet and people did not have knowledge about it.Scientists believe HIV came from a particular kind of chimpanzee in Western Africa. Humans contracted this disease when they hunted and ate infected animals. A first clue came in 1986 when a morphologically similar but antigenically distinct virus was found to cause AIDS in patients in western Africa (Goosby24). During this time, scientists had more evidence to support their claim about this disease. Once discovered this disease was identified as a cause of what has since become one of the most devastating infectious diseases to have emerged in recent history (Goosby101). This disease was deadly because it was similar to the Black Death, it was killing majority of the population. Since its first identification almost three decades ago, the pandemic form of HIV-1 has infected at least 60 million people and caused more than 25 million deaths ...
A theory that can be applied to the factors that influence a laboring mothers’ choice of pain control is a borrowed theory. A borrowed theory is synonymous with a rubber band ball. A rubber band ball is made up of numerous rubber bands wrapped around each other to form a ball. A borrowed theory is information (rubber bands) that is assembled from different disciplines and incorporated into nursing practice (rubber band ball).
A significant research investment has been made in helping to reduce the burden of HIV-1 infection worldwide. Antivirals help delay the onset of AIDS. Vaccine research has achieved some minor victories. Animal models allow more thorough and representative study of HIV-1. While HIV/AIDS still remains a major concern for the global community, continued research will doubtless bring further advances, helping to prevent infections before they occur and to provide better outcomes for those already infected with HIV-1. Fortunately, the battle with HIV/AIDS—though far from being over—is going better than it ever has before.
Although antiretroviral treatment has reduced the toll of AIDS related deaths, access to therapy is not universal, and the prospects of curative treatments and an effective vaccine are uncertain. Thus, AIDS will continue to pose a significant public health threat for decades to come.
Spink, Gemma. "AIDS." AVERTing HIV and AIDS. 23 Dec 2009. Web. 11 Jan 2010. .
2) Moore, J. (2004). The puzzling origins of AIDS: Although no one explanation has been universally accepted, four rival theories provide some important lesson. American Scientist, 92(6), 540-547. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/stable/27858482
"AIDS: A Doctor's Note on the Man-Made Theory." AIDS: A Doctor's Note on the Man-Made Theory. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.
He made it his goal to figure out a way to cure humans of a disease once they contracted it. He started with chicken cholera which would kill chickens (Berche). He had found the vaccine for the chickens by complete chance. He just so happened to stumble upon an older version of the disease. He realized that the older version was weaker than the more new version. So he used that one to create a vaccine to see if it would work. He injected two groups with the chicken cholera one was with the more recent outbreak of chicken cholera and the other was the older one. The chickens that were injected with the new chicken cholera were several affected and the ones with the older one all got better (Trueman 1). He later found out that chickens that were already exposed to that disease were immune afterwards (Rogers). Pasteur used the chicken cholera as his trial and error for figuring out how to make vaccines that would work. Louis and Robert Koch found extremely small one celled creatures living in animals and humans and linked them to specific diseases
Robert Koch was a physician and a scientist. According to Blevins and Bronze (2010), his work “launched the new field of medical bacteriology,” and “ushered in a ‘golden age’ of scientific discovery and a new era of public health” (p. E744). Brock (1999) claimed Robert Koch was “one of the most important figures in medical science and was also the founder of bacteriology” (p. xxi). How did one man accomplish so much and impact the world around him in such a profound way? The three areas that must be examined in order to unveil the magnitude of influence that he possessed are as follows:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) first came to light in 1981. There has been a long and arduous global effort on the prevention of HIV/AIDS. HIV is a virus that is spread through body fluids that affect the specific T-cells of the immune system. Without treatment HIV infection leads to AIDS and there is no cure for AIDS. HIV infection can be controlled and the importance of primary pre...
It is noticed that science develops in splashes, each significantly advancing our understanding of the nature. The 19th century was the time of rapid development of microbiology. In the search for secrets of nature science has reached extremely high and low energies as well as large and small length scales. Still until recently we knew very little about one of the most complex aspects of life – microbes and infection. Now we are at the dawn of efflorescence in molecular biology, which provides an excellent basis for application into several areas of biology like cancer and virology . Revelations of molecular biology become extremely crucial, as they provide insights into the way molecules work.
Louis Pasteur, the most famous French chemist in the world, was born on December 27, 1822 and passed away on September 28,1895. He said: “There does not exist a category of science to which one can give the name applied science. There are science and the applications of science, bound together as the fruit of the tree which bears it”, which showed his ideal method for science. In this quote, he admitted that theoretical science and applied science have to go together and his whole scientific life went on this way. Furthermore, Louis Pasteur was known as the father of modern medical industry and the study of microorganisms. One example from his contributed works can be vaccine. With his rabies vaccine, he has been saving thousands of people’s life throughout many decades. Louis Pasteur is legendary due to his significant biography, family history and his own achievements, especially vaccine for rabies and his impact to our life nowadays.
In 1981, a new fatal, infectious disease was diagnosed--AIDS (Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome). It began in major cities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Francisco. People, mostly homosexual men and intravenous drug users, were dying from very rare lung infections or from a cancer known as Kaposi’s sarcoma. They have not seen people getting these diseases in numerous years. Soon, it also affected hemophiliacs, blood recipients, prostitutes and their customers, and babies born from AIDS-infected women. AIDS was soon recognized as a worldwide health emergency, and as a fatal disease with no known cure, that quickly became an epidemic. When high-profile victims began to contract the virus, such as basketball star Magic Johnson, the feeling spread quickly that anyone, not just particular groups of people, could be at risk. AIDS impairs the human body’s immune system and leaves the victim susceptible to various infections. With new research, scientists think that the disease was first contracted through a certain type of green monkey in Africa, then somehow mutated into a virus that a human could get. AIDS is a complicated illness that may involve several phases. It is caused by a virus that can be passed from person to person. This virus is called HIV, or Human Immuno-deficiency Virus. In order for HIV to become full-blown AIDS, your T-cell count (number of a special type of white-blood cells that fight off diseases) has to drop below 200, or you have to get one of the symptoms of an AIDS-induced infection.