Biomass residue from palm oil industries are attractive renewable energy fuel in Southeast Asia (Salman, 2013). Palm kernel shell which much known as PKS are the shell fractions left after the nut has been remove after crushing the palm oil mill. Kernel shell are fibrous material and can be easily handled in bulk directly from the product. Moisture content in kernel shell is low compared to other biomass residues in between 11% to 13%. This lead to account of higher heating average of lignocellulosic biomass. It easy to be handled, easy crushing and limited biological activity dut to low moisture content.
A palm oil plantation yields huge amount of biomass wastes in the form of empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm oil mill effluent (POME) and palm kernel shell (PKS). In a typical palm oil mill, empty fruit bunches are available in abundance as fibrous material of purely biological origin. EFB contains neither chemical nor mineral additives, and depending on proper handling operations at the mill, it is free from foreign elements such as gravel, nails, wood residues, waste etc. However, it is saturated with water due to the biological growth combined with the steam sterilization at the mill. Since the moisture content in EFB is around 67%, pre-processing is necessary before EFB can be considered as a good fuel.
Unprocessed EFB is available as very wet whole empty fruit bunches each weighing several kilograms while processed EFB is a fibrous material with fiber length of 10-20 cm and reduced moisture content of 30-50%. Additional processing steps can reduce fiber length to around 5 cm and the material can also be processed into bales, pellets or pulverized form after drying.
There is a large potential of transforming EFB into renewable energy resource that could meet the existing energy demand of palm oil mills or other industries. Pre-treatment steps such as shredding/chipping and dewatering (screw pressing or drying) are necessary in order to improve the fuel property of EFB. Pre-processing of EFB will greatly improve its handling properties and reduce the transportation cost to the end user i.e. power plant. Under such scenario, kernel shells and mesocarp fibres which are currently utilized for providing heat for mills can be relieved for other uses off-site with higher economic returns for palm oil millers.
The fuel could either be prepared by the mills before sell to the power plants, or handled by the end users based on their own requirements.
Both biodiesel and ethanol are derivatives of biomass that have been processed to create a liquid biofuel. Both types of biofuels have been touted as secure and environmentally safe alternatives to fossil fuels, however the research verifying these claims is extensive but often contradicting. In the following paper, the efficiency and quality of the two types of biofuel will be discussed. The effects of variables such as source materials and production techniques on efficiency and quality will be considered. Due to the limited scope of this paper however, only generalized net analyses of ethanol and biodiesel production will be considered. The production of ethanol requires one of two source materials, cellulose or sucrose, both of which are complex sugars. Currently, corn and sugar cane are the primary source materials for ethanol; however it can be produced from any plant cellulose. Ethanol is created using chemical and non chemical processes. These processes include liquefication, saccharification, fermentation, and distillation (Malca and Freire, 2006).
The increased use of nonrenewable fossil fossil fuels which are nonrenewable and awareness about environmental changes has been led to the development of fossil fuel alternatives such as biofuels which is , a renewable resource. From In the past few years, the researchers have been applied various methods and examined various feedstock biomass feedstock’s such as corn, sugar cane, canola, soybean and lignocellulosic crops for the production of biofuels. The primary drawback of these first and second generation biofuels are the high usage of agricultural land. which This can lead to the a food crisis, high water usage, and high production time. The An alternative solution to the current situation is is the production of biofuels from microalgae. Microalgae are single single-celled organisms that grow in a wide range of aquatic environments , from fresh water through saturated saline and have the higher lipid content compared to what?. MicroaAlgae have the capacity to produce and accumulate energy-rich oils, have natural ability to accumulate oil in its dry biomass. The genetic diversi...
Cosmetics, soap, chocolate, and frozen meals. These general products all have something in common; they include palm oil, a resource found in oil palm trees located primarily in Indonesia and Malaysia. Palm oil is a valuable resource that is contained in many everyday products. However, the mass consumption of this ingredient caused wide deforestation in wildlife’s natural habitat and is leading to the endangerment of several animal species. Sustainable palm oil is grown and harvested by companies on private land to avoid deforestation and harm to wildlife, so people should consider purchasing products that include sustainable palm oil rather than palm oil taken from natural forests.
Palm oil is produced from the fruit of oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis). Palm oil can be separated into a various distinct oils with different properties. Because of this versatility, palm oil has replaced animal and other vegetable oils to be used in a wide variety of products. Palm oil is also a very productive crop. The amount of oil produced per hectare per year, or the yield, is far greater than that of other vegetable oils. Best-in-class palm oil plantations can produce up to 10 times more oil per unit area than that of soybean or sunflower oil. The production costs for palm oil are also lower, mainly due to low labor costs in the countries in which oil palm trees are grown. Less fertilizer, pesticide, and fuel energy are needed in the cultivation and processing of palm oil.
Palm oil is considered an essential ingredient for the production of foods and other products in which human use. Orangutan Project (2015) states that ‘palm oil is derived from the fruit of the oil palm tree’, and the ‘palm oil plantations are the main driver for deforestation in Indonesia’. The harvest of the palm trees for the production of palm oil affects the ecosystem as it can affect the environment. This investigation with highlight out the advantages of the palm fruit providing nutrients, it is essential for the productions of products, and this production being that palm oil can reduce poverty. The negatives of how the production of palm oil negatively affects the environment, the habitat of the animals, and social consequences
Introduction:The idea of biofuels is a old concept, reaching as far as the ending of the 19th century. Solid in its idea but flawed in its presentation. Biofuels are a alternative energy to fossil fuels that are made from natural methods such as plants and crops and are key in solving the apparent flaws of fossil fuels. While fossil fuels have been in use for over a century, Biofuels have now risen to the popularity and been exposed to the press. At one point of time biofuel were being considered by some of the most brilliant minds ever in human history such as Henry Ford and Rudolph Diesel who believed that biofuels had the potential to be the new evolution s on only to reappear a century later. Now the world faces the struggles of global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels slowly dimming by day. Throughout the last century biofuels have proven to have a place in our society as a new alternative fuel source. Specializing in Being Natural and healthier than fossil fuels, biofuels have had a rough beginning against its competitor due to key situations such as pricing, Side effects, to fuel power. However the idea was passed on a to the later generations, and continued to pasand prolong usage. However through the last decade they have been highly advertised by politicians and Government officials claiming it to be the future of a powerful working society, and to help in making a new energy free world. Through belief Some even claiming that “By 2050, a new generation of sustainable biofuels could provide over a quarter of the world’s total transport fuel, according to a recent report by the International Energy Agency” (last name). With such improvement biofuels should be the obvious answer to providing a better future to th...
Coconut oil was used to be an alternative to biodiesel in Thailand. The researchers found out that coconut oil has 12.8% of free fatty acid (FFA) that is possible to be used as a biodiesel through a series of process. First is that they reduced the FFA through acid-catalyzed esterification. In the second step they used the product produced in the first step and was transesterified with methanol to produce a biodiesel product. Moreover, they found out that the coconut oil biodiesel and the Thai petroleum was very much the same.
The continuous depletion of fossil fuel resources and their increased demand has changed the outlook from ancient resources of fuel to new resources especially biomasses of plant origin. Plant biomass is a promising raw material for fuel generation to sustain fuel requirements in the modern age. Basically biofuel these days can be divided into first generation and second generation depending upon the type of biomass used. Biofuel derived from sugars, oils, cereals, sugarcane and starch are categorised in first generation fuel while use of lignocellulosic biomass like soft and hardwood, agricultural wastes, straw and corn stover provides second generation fuels [1].
Nowadays, people around the world are demanding for more sustainable energy source other conventional fuels such as coal, natural gas and fossil fuel for their daily activities. However, conventional fuels are categorized into a non-renewable energy source. Thus, to overcome this problem, an alternative fuel called as biofuel is used to substitute the conventional fuels. Moreover, biofuel can grow in interest in many developing countries by using “modern” use of biomass to produce the clean liquid fuels. The uses of biomass as a biofuel feedstock may offer new employment prospects for people that stay in that region. The biomass that commonly been used in biofuel is called as algae biofuel or oilgae, in which the oil that does not consist of toxic or sulfur contents in it (Demirbas and Fatih Demirbas, 2011).
The composition of biomass as raw material provides a convincing explanation for the general use way which is renewable, available and biodegradable (21). Bioplastic produced of biomass have generally three main opportunistic include, the economy, the environment and medical application.
Biomass gasification is a process by which biofuel is produced. It has been used for over 180 years but in the last decades it has been reconsidered as an interesting technique due to the fact that oil supplies are decreasing. As mentioned before, gasification is a thermal process. Heat is added up in order to convert the organic mass to biofuel. The biomass usually undergoes drying, pyrolysis, partial oxidation and reduction. Nowadays the configurations used for gasification are three: fixed bed gasifier, fluidized bed gasifier and entrained bed gasifiers. The simplest configuration is the
Vegetal oils are one of the most rapidly expanding sectors in agriculture. Palm oil is an example of it, being the most produced than any other vegetable oil. The oil palm plantations are found in tropical forests, ecosystems really suitable for this kind of practices due to their high conservation values. The deforestation practiced for the plantation of this monoculture, lead to a destruction of the habitat and the consequent eviction of the forest-dwelling people.
In the present techno-economic era, the energy and environmental crises developed due to huge amount of cellulosic materials disposed as “waste”. Globally, the estimated quantity of the waste generation was 12 billion tons in a year 2002 of which 11 billion tons were industrial wastes and 1.6 billion tons were municipal solid waste. About 90 billion tons solid wastes will expected to be generated annually by the year 2025. Annually, Asia alone generates 4.4 billion tons of solid wastes and municipal solid waste comprises 790 million tons of which about 48 million tons are generated in India.
In conclusion, because of the limitation of fossil fuels and the damaging which caused by it, the world today is really need to clean renewable power resources, to save the planet and to have a save future . This clean resource can be found easily in biotechnology and bioprocess engineering studies which include a lot of different researches and innovative solutions for the most important condition of powering and developing.
Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) was ground, passed through a 0.5 mm sieve, and pyrolyzed. Fast pyrolysis was accomplished at 500 °C and the residence time was regulated at 1.63 s by an inert nitrogen gas flow. Then, 2 kg of biomass was fed into the fluidized-bed fast pyrolysis reactor and held for 1 h. The nitrogen gas in the reactor was maintained at a flow rate of 50 L/min. The volatile pyrolytic products were cooled and condensed to a liquid phase bio-oil with an average yield of 48.3 wt% [19].