The use of nanoparticles as therapeutic drug agents has garnered much interest for their use in treatment of disease, as well as in vitro and in vivo diagnostics. The attraction of nanoparticles for use in medicine stems from their unique characteristics such as their large surface to mass ratio, quantum properties, and their large functional surface which has the ability to act as compound absorbers and carriers for compounds such as drugs, probes and proteins (De Jong and Borm, 2008). With recent developments in nanotechnology, the use of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems has shown great potential (Wilczewska et al., 2012). Cellular and tissue uptake of optimised nanocarriers is increased in comparison to larger molecules, coupled with the use of organ specific receptors; nanocarriers can be used to effectively enter in much lower doses then used in standard medications (Suri, Fenniri and Singh, 2007). Passive or active mechanism can be employed to create cell specific targeting nanocarriers. Active mechanisms work by conjugation of nanocarriers to affected sites with recognition ligands such as folic acids or peptides etc. Manipulation of the physical environment through changes in pH, temperature or magnetism can also yield the same effects. Passive targeting is achieved through creating, or taking advantage of, increased permeability and retention of vascular structures, in particular the BBB (Lai, Kuo and Leo, 2005. Wilczewska et al., 2012).
Varying types of nanocarriers have been designed to be used as drug delivery systems. Nanocapsules are manufactured vesicle structures that have drug compounds locked into a cavity, which is then surrounded by a polymer membrane or mesoporous silica. The latter is most used in conju...
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...nt increase in brain uptake and toxicity against brain tumours expressing p-glycoprotein of nano encapsulated paclitaxel. The nanoparticles were also able to remain intact after crossing into the extracellular space of the brain from the BBB. Toxicity studies performed on the nanoparticles used in Koziara et al. (2004) showed that they had no significant effects on perfusion flow when present in the neurovasculature during in vivo testing. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, the use of these nanoparticles had no effect on BBB integrity, permeability or tight junction proteins (Muldoon et al., 2006. Lockman et al., 2003). Despite these seemingly successful results, the literature available through mediums in the methods section, is lacking in more recent studies using the above nanoparticles; “emulsifying wax/Brij 78” and “Brij 72/Tween 80” loaded with paclitaxel.
Pinto Reis C., Neufeld RJ., Ribeiro AJ., & Veiga F., 2006. Nanoencapsulation I. Method for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2, 9-21
In this case study, our concern goes for the chitosan nanoparticles; firstly nanoparticles are able to adsorb and/or encapsulate a drug, thus protecting it against chemical and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore the encapsulated drug may be prevented from crystallization, thus forming a solid solution. Depending on drug solubility in the carrier, a drug load varying from only a few percent up to 50%] Secondly, chitosan is ...
Nano-technology is a revolution in almost all disciplines of life today. Nanotechnology approaches the manipulation of matter at atomic and molecular level. This technology, which deals with matter in nano-dimensions, has widened our views of poorly understood health issues and provided novel means of diagnosis and treatment. Dentistry, not being an exception, also faces major revolutions to constantly provide better and more comfortable dental care to patients. Researchers in the field of dentistry have explored the potential of nano-particles in existing therapeutic modalities with moderate success. The important application in the field of dentistry
It is clear that nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize health care and even transport
[27] Jatariu A, Peptu C, Popa M, Indrei A. Micro− and nanoparticles−medical applications. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2009; 113:1160−1169.
Accardo A, Aloj L, Aurilio M, Morelli G, Tesauro D. Receptor binding peptides for target-selective delivery of nanoparticles encapsulated drugs. International journal of nanomedicine. 2014;9:1537-57. PubMed PMID: 24741304. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC3970945. Epub 2014/04/18. eng.
...nessing “the power of nanotechnology” to radically change the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer.” The most likely method implemented will by the use of nanovectors for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, and then heating nanoparticles that are attached to cancer cells so that the cancer cells explode. (5, 9) There are still many obstacles that must be overcome before this is a reality: from the ethical concern by some that nanobots will take control of the body to the more practical problem that this method of treatment will be very expensive and funding will be an issue. (6) But with millions of people suffering from some form of cancer, scientists are searching for cures and treatments and nanotechnology offers the greatest promise. One day, cancer may be completely curable thanks to nanotechnology which is something everyone would benefit from.
... of effectiveness when mTat and PEI are combined to take advantage of each vector’s positive traits for transfection. Cytotoxicity results from the mice transfected in vivo found that there was no significant difference in cell viability between mTat, PEI, or mTat/PEI complex. These results demonstrated the remarkable ability to significantly increase both the efficiency of transfection and gene expression in vivo without conferring any increase in cytotoxicity. Cell penetrating peptides (CPP), including mTat, have proven to be effective at crossing cell membranes quickly and are able to enter the cell based on their small and amphipathic nature (Bolhassani, 2011). By controlling the cargo CPP carries and the target it delivers it to, these carriers may hold a myriad of uses in vivo including selectively disrupting cancer cells and other gene therapy techniques.
In CVVH, the filter pore size is larger than HD allowing drug molecules up to 20,000 Da to pass through membrane.
Nanoparticles present a high surface area to volume ratio with decrease in the size of the particles. Specific surface area is relevant to catalytic activity and other related properties such as the antimicrobial activity (Bae et al., 2010). As the specific surface area of nanoparticles is increased, their biological effectiveness will also increase on the count of a rise in surface area (Mukunthan et al., 2011). Nanoparticles of noble metals, such as silver, gold and platinum are widely applied in products that directly come in contact with human body, such as shampoos, soaps, detergents, shoes, cosmetic products and toothpaste, besides medical and pharmaceutical applications (Mukunthan et al., 2011).
Likewise, this technology as transform the way scientists are treating patients in that nanoparticles allows medical professionals to perform gene delivery to individuals cells as well as to cancer cells. Gene delivery is basically the introduction of foreign DNA into cells. This technique is usually used in gene therapy in which scientists seek to correct a problem in the body by administering ‘drugs’ on the cellular level. In terms of gene delivery, scientist use nanoparticles to encapsulate the gene of interest that they would like to inject into the damaged or abnormal cells (Prabha, 531). When the gene, with the desired DNA strand, as been encapsulated, the nanoparticles are then injected either into the cells directly or through a specific body part in proximity to the target cells. By using this form of therapy, scientists seek to minimize the patient’s exposure to possible harmful effects as well as to high dosages. This is important in cancer treatment because it allows doctors to target the tumor and apply dosages to that specific target without exposing healthy tissues.
Abstract: Although Anti-sense Therapy has limitations related to targeted drug delivery, it is still considered as one of the promising technology for treating most of the Rare and Inherited disorders, being categorized as precision medicine has advanced very much with recent advances in drug delivery technologies like lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations, cell-targeting technologies. Anti-sense drugs are seen as most potential drugs for treating debilitating conditions with more targeted approach. The journey of Anti-sense oligonucleotides from the state of highly potential drug candidates to a sudden debacle with limitations in drug delivery and toxicity and the resume of these candidates with technological advancements will be reviewed
Nanotechnology can be defined as the technology at the scale of one-billionth of a metre. The matter posses unique properties with nano scale of 1-100 nanometres (nm) size. The large surface area to volume ratio is the key element that is exhibited by the nano material and thus leaded to a variety of manipulations, diversifications and useful applications. The modification of the host material as in layered double hydroxide gives opportunity for the intercalation of the beneficial substance and released it at the defined location at the end of the process.
Drug delivery: Drug delivery is very important phenomenon regarding humans as well as animals. Bionanotechnology is helping in exact targeting and efficient drug delivery system synthesis. Top down approach is helping in formulation of drugs that have efficient drug uptake e.g nanocrystals against HIV protease inhibitors.
Enhanced Nutrient Delivery: Nano-encapsulating improves the solubility of antioxidants, vitamins, healthy omega oils and other neutraceuticals