An acute or chronic illness for decades is being clinically treated through delivery of drugs in patients in the form of some pharmaceutical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, creams, pills, aerosols, injectable and suppositories. An ideal drug delivery system is such that it provides the required drug amount with in a short duration and also should maintain the steady level of drug concentration throughout the dosing period [1]. However any conventional dosage form behaves as per its type either immediate release or sustained release. Further the drugs with shorter half lives should be administered multiple times to maintain required drug level and more often, the patient needs to be prescribed multiple drugs at a time to control the symptoms and to restore the physiological system. Different variety of materials and approaches can be utilized in designing and constructions of system that is capable of providing predictable, precise and reproducible pattern of drug release. Controlled drug delivery system has been introduced to overwhelm the drawback of fluctuating drug levels associated with conventional dosage forms. Greater attention has been focused on development of sustained or controlled release drug delivery systems with recognition of therapeutic advantages of controlled drug delivery[2, 3], however its combination with immediate release in a single dosage form would be advantageous for maintaining patient compliance and effective therapeutic outcome. This can be done by using Bilayer tablets which can also combine more than one drug in a single tablet (Table 1). Table 1: Comaparison of bilayer tablet with conventional tablet for (i) Multiple drugs (ii) Immediate release and sustained release formulation of s... ... middle of paper ... ...drug used for treatment or management of a disease. Recently, fixed dose combination drugs are becoming increasingly popular, particularly as lifecycle management strategies seeking to extend intellectual property and minimizing generic exposure by creating an innovative dosage form. A survey of last 12 years patents also reveals that this technology spans almost every therapeutic category especially, antihistaminic, adrenergic, ACE inhibitor, diuretic, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, antiinflamatory, analgesic, proton pump inhibitors etc. However a study of marketed formulations showed that a combinations of antimalarials, antitussive,antidepressant, antihistaminic, antiasthamiatic, antidiabetic, antimycobacterial, antihypertensive, antibiotic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antiviral are being available in market as representative of bilayer tablet technology.
Although there are very less situations which are reported with respect to the dual paracetamol peaks with sustained-release preparations. 2-5 It was studied in very detail. But it was clear-cut from the empty tablet blister packets present at the situation scene that the patient had taken just the basic-preparation paracetamol. The chance of another overdoes being done in the ICU was eradicated after a detail study. The levels of the paracetamol were assessed with the help of Roche Modular PPE using the acetaminophen assay kit K8001, K8002,6 which is famous for its good intra and interessay accuracy. It is a well known fact the increased level of lipids can obstruct with this assay. For this situation, the patient’s lipid profile was in normal range.
Unlike the ideal, most things are not pure in composition. Unfortunately to achieve a specific reaction without any unexpected and possibly unwanted reactions one must purify the desired compounds. To purify a compound one must use the difference of chemical and physical properties. In this lab a analgesic pill is the start of the purification process. In total there are four main steps that are necessary in order to isolate the list of three drugs given. These three drugs are Ibuprofen, Naproxen, and Aspirin. Each pill has a set of impurities other than the drug itself. Those can be grouped into basic soluble fillers and acid soluble fillers. First the pill is crushed and brought into a powder. The next step is to dissolve the powder is a
In this lab, Thin Layer Chromatography was used to identify the components of a certain drug. To do this, the compound in question, Motrin was tested against six standards in three different solvents. The three solvent were hexanes, ethyl acetate, and 75% ethyl acetate and 25% hexane; the solution of 75% ethyl acetate and 25% hexane was determined to be the best solvent. This is due to the larger variance in RF values. The six standards that Motrin was tested against were Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen sodium, caffeine and a caffeine and ibuprofen mixture. To determine which standard was present in the chosen drug, the retention factors, or RF, were calculated. A UV light was also used to see the distance each sample traveled in
Medications very often are kept in unlabeled containers which are difficult to identify. This goal attempts to deal with this unsafe practice which neglects basic principles of safe medication management
Solubility is based on the highest-dose strength of an immediate release product. A drug is considered highly soluble when the highest dose strength is soluble in 250 mL or less of aqueous media over the pH range of 1 to 7.5. The volume estimate of 250 mL is derived from typical bioequivalence study protocols that prescribe administration of a drug product to fasting human volunteers with a glass of water. A drug substance is considered highly permeable when the extent of intestinal absorption is determined to be 90% or higher. Otherwise, the drug substance is considered to be poorly permeable. (Yu et al., 2002)
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
Pharmacokinetics provides a basis to assess the course of drugs and their effects on the body (Dhillon & Kostrzewski, 2006). The processes of pharmacokinetics can be broken down into the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion in, through, and out of the body. These are major concepts that guide medication use and dosage selection (Association of Surgical Technologists, 2017).
Polypharmacy is the “concurrent use of several differ drugs and becomes an issue in older adults when the high number of drugs in a medication regimen includes overlapping drugs for the same therapeutic effect”(Woo & Wynne, 2011, p. 1426). The patient is currently taking several medications that can potential interact with each other, perform the same therapeutic effect, and creating side effects. The following is a list of her medications and their indications:
Pharmacy is a booming field when it comes to medicine, but it certainly has controversial issues such as compounding drugs. While the practice of making drugs customized to a patient seems ethical, there are problems that come along with it. Drug compounding was the norm in the past, but over time consumers began to see issues with it. Drug compounding still occurs to this day because some patients do need medicine specifically tailored to their needs. Compounding has also been the focus of recent disasters, some of which occurred less than two years ago. Whatever side one may take on this issue, it is clear that compounding medicine will be a polarizing issue for years to come.
“Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) can be seen as two sides of the same coin. PK and PD have a definite relationship, assessing how much drug gets to the site of action and then what that action is. Both activities are essential in the complete investigation of the interaction between the drug and body, and play significant roles in both drug development and their continual use in the clinical setting (Institute Of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology Special Interest Group, Pharmacokinetics vs. Pharmacodynamics).”
Precision of a patient’s intravenous medication is essential; it must be safe from. contamination, toxicity, and side effects. Most people believe these medications are compounded or mixed by a trained and licensed individual. However, this is inaccurate because the pharmacy technician actually compounds a large percentage of a patient’s medications. Compounding involves a technician’s math skills, aseptic technique, and professional ethics.... ...
The tablet is scored and can be divided into equal halves to provide a 2.5 mg dose. Corlanor 7.5 mg: salmon-colored, triangular-shaped, film-coated tablet debossed with “7.5” on one face and plain on the other face.
Inject able medications are usually supplied in vials or ampoules, each requiring different techniques for withdrawal of the medication. Before entering a vial, it is necessary to spray or swab the rubber closure on the top of the vial with 70% isopropyl alcohol. An alcohol swab should be used only once and on only one