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Introduction to decision making and personality traits
Trait oriented theory
Essays about trait theories
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Big Five Factor Model
A model developed for using factor analysis to try to determine the key traits in human personality. Although trait theories were well established by the 1960s, there was no consensus concerning the number or nature of the traits that make up personality. Since then, further research has confirmed a basic five factor model of personality or ‘Big Five’ (Tomas 2007). This five factor structure has been replicated by Norma (1963), Borgatta (1964) and Digman and Takemoto-Chock (1981) in list derived from Cattle’s 35 variables (Lawrence &Oliver 2000).
These scales are commonly alternatively represented by the OCEAN acronym Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion/Introversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. The Big Five structure captures, at a broad level of abstraction, commonalities among most of the existing systems of personality description, and provides an integrative descriptive model for personality research. (Oliver& Sanjay 1999)
Economists are not alone in their interest in the description, prediction, and explanation of human behavior. Psychologists, too, have approached these challenges. Economists can profitably leverage research from psychology on the measurement, prediction, and malleability of personality traits organized in the widely accepted Big Five taxonomy. (Lex, Angela, James & Bas 2008)
Extraversion
Extraversion is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy eing with people, are full of energy, and often experience positive emotions. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented, individuals who are likely to say "Yes!" or "Let's go!" to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves. (Beaumont 2003)
Openness to experience
Openness to experience is a measure of depth, breadth and variability in a person's imagination
And urge for experiences. The factor relates to intellect, openness to new ideas, cultural interests, educational aptitude and creativity as well as an interest in varied sensory and cognitive experiences. People with a high openness to experience have broad interests, are liberal and like novelty. The preservers with low openness to experience are conventional, conservative and prefer familiarity (Howard & Howard, 1995).
Agreeableness
The agreeableness linked to altruism, nurturance, caring and emotional support versus competitiveness, hostility, indifference, self-centeredness, spitefulness and jealousy (Howard & Howard, 1995).
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness is a measure of goal-directed behavior and amount of control over impulses. Conscientiousness has been linked to educational achievement and particularly to the will to achieve. The focused person concentrates on a limited number of goals but strives hard to reach them, while the flexible person is more impulsive and easier to persuade from one task to another Heinström (2003).
Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature.
Openness - People who like to learn new things and appreciate new encounters typically score high in openness. Openness incorporates
This paper will discuss the structure and application of the Big Five Personality Model and at the same time explain the implication of each of the Big Five traits. The description of the personalities of the two New Zealand Prime Ministers, John Key and Bill English using the said model will be the highlight of this research.
Personality is massive part of an individual’s identity. Our personalities dictate our patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting. An individual’s personality exposes them to predispositions and habits that influence their actions and lives. Early on, personality assessments consisted of physical features ranging from head shape and facial characteristics to body type. In today’s world, personality assessments are mainly based around traits. Traits are simply descriptions of one’s habitual patterns of behavior, thought and emotion. The most popular personality assessment is the Five-Factor Model, also known as The Big Five. This model allows us to describe people based on the five main traits/dimensions. These traits are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Each of these five traits measures a different aspect of one’s personality. Extraversion is based on one’s level of engagement with the world,
In conclusion and with reference to the Big Five Personality Traits Theory, it can clearly be seen that there are various aspects of one’s personality that all lend to understanding of someone. More specifically in dealing with Mr X, the Theory enabled us to understand the traits that make up his personality through the examination of his actions, thoughts and behaviours. After a thorough look at Mr X’s behaviours and with reference to the Big Five Theory, this essay was able to conclude that Mr X has a high component of the majority of the factors. With reference to the scale openness to experience would be ranked as 5, conscientiousness a 6, extraversion a 7 and neuroticism a 6 yet displayed a low component of agreeableness rating a 2 on the scale.
The Big Five Theory identifies certain traits that explain the personality of a person. It looks at the following aspects of a person: 1). Openness, 2). Conscientious,3).Extraversion, 4). Agreeableness,5). Neuroticism. A person’s openness is measured on the following factors: 1.) How curious a person is, 2). how truthful a person is 3). appreciation for imagination, 4). willingness to try something new, 5). traditional they are. An individual that scores high in this area usually are outgoing, curious, open to new things, and embrace experience. Individuals that score low in the area tend to be more traditional, rather remain in the comfort zone, plain, and not explore new ideas. Conscientious is when a person shows a lot of self discipline , very task oriented, and will complete a job as efficiently as possible. An individual scoring high in this area are highly efficiently, very goal oriented, punctual, and organized. An individual that scores low in these areas tend to have no direction, careless, unpredictable, and unlikely to finish what they started. Extraversion is chrematistic of a positive person who seeks out the company of others. They enjoy the time with others more than the time alone. Individuals who score high in this area enjoy being the center of attention or the life of the party, they are comfortable around others, they do not mind starting conversations, and will actively talk with several people involved in the gathering. Individuals that score low in this area usually do not like to go where there are people they do not know, they rather be in t...
The study of personality traits is beneficial in identifying the many variables that exist from human to human; the combinations of these variables provide us with a true level of individuality and uniqueness. In the field of psychology, trait theory is considered to be a key approach to the study of human personality (Crowne, 2007; Burton, Westen & Kowalski, 2009). This paper aims to identify a number of significant contributors who have played crucial roles in both the development and application of trait theory. This paper then moves focus to these theorists, outlining their theory and analysing both the strengths and weaknesses of those theories. An illustration of the methods used in trait measurement is given and includes the arguments for and against such procedures.
Individuals who possess this character trait value being in good terms with others. In general terms, they can be described as being helpful, trustworthy and trusting, generous, kind and considerate. People of this character trait view the nature of humans in an optimistic way. Individuals who are disagreeable on the other hand like giving a lot of priority to self interest in comparison to being in good terms with the other people. (The Big Five Personality Test, 2016) This definition clearly fits the character traits I identified through the survey I did. I established that I do accept people no matter the situation they are in. this portrays the high skill I have in managing my social relations. I rarely get irritated and hence I am able to relate well with that group of people who like disturbing (The Big Five Personality Test, 2016). The survey helped me determine my strength of relating with other people and hence I will work hard to make sure that I have maintained good relations with other people in
People who score high on extraversion are more sociable, energetic, enthusiastic, and active in their everyday lives. They tend to enjoy parties and crowds, and crave excitement and stimulation. In contrast, people who score low on extraversion prefer quiet, peaceful, and relaxed environments. They are perfectly happy spending time alone. My score on extraversion is 70th percentile which is neither too high nor low. This shows that I am cheerful, optimistic, and like being around people but I constantly do not seek for excitement. People who score high on agreeableness are altruistic, compassionate, warm, cooperative, and care about others. On the other hand, people who score low on agreeableness tend to be egocentric, skeptical of others’ intentions, and competitive rather than cooperative. I fall under 90th percentile on agreeableness, so I should be sympathetic and compassionate. Most importantly, I should value cooperation, social harmony, and assume that most people are fair and honest. Lastly, people who score high on neuroticism are very sensitive about what other people think of them, and are easily embarrassed or discouraged. They often
This study used the Five-Factor model to look at the personality variation in people. In previous studies agreeableness has seen to be related to conformity due to agreeable people not wanting to go against the societal norm of those around them. Agreeableness also can lead to being influenced by others. Conscientiousness also predicts
Human personality is complex and intrinsic. There are numerous factors that determine one’s personality and wide variations in one’s personality. However, by taking personality assessments one is able to pinpoint reoccurring themes in their personality and behavior, providing them with an overall idea of who they are. There are times when personality assessments are inconsistent. Luckily, it is not difficult to recognize which parts of the test lack accuracy because they stand out from the reoccurring themes. It is interesting to learn and reveal new information about yourself that you may or may not desire. This gives individuals the opportunity to work towards increasing or decreasing a personality trait if desired. One of the inferences
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2012). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (5th ed). Boston , MA, USA: Pearson
Personality is tricky to study, for traits are difficult to define and measure. However, insight into one's own character is possible by analyzing stable and consistent styles of thinking, feeling, and responding to situations (Urland, 2018a). Although research in social psychology has shown that the situation can largely impact an individual's behavior, the persistence of particular predispositions to respond a certain way within similar situations and contexts makes personality traits a worthwhile study -- especially considering that one's personality type can help predict certain life outcomes. In the field of personality psychology, the most prominent traits that portray personality are known as the "big five" and include
The Big Five Personality Traits To begin, an organization can use the big five personality traits to determine how well a person will fit into, and if they will thrive in an environment. The five factor model is another name for the big five. “The model includes such features as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Neurotic individuals are characterized as vulnerable and inclined to experience negative emotions. Extraverted people are energetic, assertive, active and sociable, and they tend to experience positive emotions.
The second major theory is called the trait or five-factor model. Often referred to as the "Big 5". The five personality traits described by the theory are extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. Beneath each proposed global factor, a number of correlated and more specific primary factors are claimed. One strength of the trait perspectives is their ability to categorize observable behaviors. In other words, observing the behaviors of an individual over time and in varying circumstances provides evidence for the personality traits categorized in trait theories. Another strength is that trait theories use