Expository Essay on AIDS
Introduction:
AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is at
present a sentence of slow but inevitable death. I've already lost one
friend to AIDS. I may soon lose others. My own sexual behavior and that of
many of my friends has been profoundly altered by it. In my part of the
country, one man in 10 may already be carrying the AIDS virus. While the
figures may currently be less in much of the rest of the country, this is
changing rapidly. There currently is neither a cure, nor even an effective
treatment, and no vaccine either. But there are things that have been
PROVEN immensely effective in slowing the spread of this hideously lethal
disease. In this essay I hope to present this information.
History and Overview:
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Defficiency Disease. It is caused
by a virus. The disease originated somewhere in Africa about 20 years ago.
There it first appeared as a mysterious ailment afflicting primarily
heterosexuals of both sexes. It probably was spread especially fast by
primarily female prostitutes there. AIDS has already become a crisis of
STAGGERING proportions in parts of Africa. In Zaire, it is estimated that
over twenty percent of the adults currently carry the virus. That figure
is increasing. And what occurred there will, if no cure is found, most
likely occur here among heterosexual folks.
AIDS was first seen as a disease of gay males in this country.
This was a result of the fact that gay males in this culture in the days
before AIDS had an average of 200 to 400 new sexual contacts per year.
This figure was much higher than common practice among heterosexual
(straight) men or women. In addition, it turned out that rectal sex was a
particularly effective way to transmit the disease, and rectal sex is a
common practice among gay males. For these reasons, the disease spread in
the gay male population of this country immensely more quickly than in
other populations. It became to be thought of as a "gay disease". Because
the disease is spread primarily by exposure of ones blood to infected
blood or semen, I.V. drug addicts who shared needles also soon were
identified as an affected group. As the AIDS epidemic began to affect
increasingly large fractions of those two populations (gay males and IV
drug abusers), many of the rest of this society looked on smugly, for
both populations tended to be despised by the "mainstream" of society here.
But AIDS is also spread by heterosexual sex. In addition, it is
spread by blood transfusions. New born babies can acquire the disease from
infected mothers during pregnancy. Gradually more and more "mainstream"
folks got the disease. Most recently, a member of congress died of the
disease. Finally, even the national news media began to join in the task
of educating the public to the notion that AIDS can affect everyone.
Basic medical research began to provide a few bits of information,
and some help. The virus causing the disease was isolated and identified.
The AIDS virus turned out to be a very unusual sort of virus. Its genetic
material was not DNA, but RNA. When it infected human cells, it had its
RNA direct the synthesis of viral DNA. While RNA viruses are not that
uncommon, very few RNA viruses reproduce by setting up the flow of
information from RNA to DNA. Such reverse or "retro" flow of information
does not occur at all in any DNA virus or any other living things. Hence,
the virus was said to belong to the rare group of virues called "Retro
Viruses". Research provided the means to test donated blood for the
presence of the antibodies to the virus, astronomically reducing the
chance of ones getting AIDS from a blood transfusion. This was one of the
first real breakthroughs. The same discoveries that allowed us to make our
blood bank blood supply far safer also allowed us to be able to tell (in
most cases) whether one has been exposed to the AIDS virus using a simple
blood test.
The Types of AIDS Infection:
When the AIDS virus gets into a person's body, the results can be
broken down into three general types of situations: AIDS disease, ARC,
and asymptomatic seropositive condition. The AIDS disease is characterized
by having one's immune system devastated by the AIDS virus. One is said to
have the *disease* if one contracts particular varieties (Pneumocystis,
for example) of pneumonia, or one of several particular varieties of
otherwise rare cancers (Kaposi's Sarcoma, for example). This *disease* is
inevitably fatal. Death occurs often after many weeks or months of
expensive and painful hospital care. Most folks with the disease can
transmit it to others by sexual contact or other exposure of an uninfected
person's blood to the blood or semen of the infected person.
There is also a condition referred to as ARC ("Aids Related
Complex"). In this situation, one is infected with the AIDS virus and
one's immune system is compromised, but not so much so that one gets the
(ultimately lethal) cancers or pneumonias of the AIDS disease. One tends
to be plagued by frequent colds, enlarged lymph nodes, and the like.
This condition can go on for years. One is likely to be able to infect
others if one has ARC. Unfortunately, all those with ARC are currently
felt to eventually progress to getting the full blown AIDS disease.
There are, however, many folks who have NO obvious signs of
disease what so ever, but when their blood serum is tested they show
positive evidence of having been exposed to the virus. This is on the
basis of the fact that antibodies to the AIDS virus are found in their
blood. Such "asymptomatic but seropositive" folks may or may not carry
enough virus to be infectious. Most sadly, though, current research and
experience with the disease would seem to indicate that EVENTUALLY nearly
all folks who are seropostive will develop the full blown AIDS disease.
There is one ray of hope here: It may in some cases take up to 15 years or
more between one's becoming seropositive for the AIDS virus and one's
developing the disease. Thus, all those millions (soon to be tens and
hundreds of millions) who are now seropositive for AIDS are under a
sentence of death, but a sentence that may not be carried out for one or
two decades in a significan fraction of cases. Medical research holds the
possibility of commuting that sentence, or reversing it.
There is one other fact that needs to be mentioned here because it
is highly significant in determining recommendations for safe sexual
conduct which will be discussed below: Currently, it is felt that after
exposure to the virus, most folks will turn seropositive for it (develop
a positive blood test for it) within four months. It is currently felt
that if you are sexually exposed to a person with AIDS and do not become
seropositive within six months after that exposure, you will never become
seropositive as a result of that exposure.
Just to confuse the issue a little, there are a few folks whose
blood shows NO antibodies to the virus, but from whom live virus has been
cultured. Thus, if one is seronegative, it is not absolute proof one is
not exposed to the virus. This category of folks is very hard to test for,
and currently felt to be quite rare. Some even speculate that such folks
may be rare examples of those who are immune to the effects of the virus,
but this remains speculation. It is not known if such folks can also
transmit the virus.
Transmission of AIDS:
The AIDS virus is extremely fragile, and is killed by exposure to
mild detergents or to chlorox, among other things. AIDS itself may be
transmitted by actual virus particles, or by the transmission of living
human CELLS that contain AIDS viral DNA already grafted onto the human DNA.
Or both. Which of these two mechanisms is the main one is not known as I
write this essay. But the fact remains that it is VERY hard to catch AIDS
unless one engages in certain specific activities.
What will NOT transmit AIDS?
Casual contact (shaking hands, hugging, sharing tools) cannot
transmit AIDS. Although live virus has been recovered from saliva of AIDS
patients, the techniques used to do this involved concentrating the virus
to extents many thousands of times greater than occurs in normal human
contact, such as kissing (including "deep" or "French" kissing). Thus,
there remains no solid evidence that even "deep" kissing can transmit
AIDS. Similarly, there is no evidence that sharing food or eating utensils
with an AIDS patient can transmit the virus. The same is true for
transmission by sneezing or coughing. There just is no current evidence
that the disease can be transmitted that way. The same may be true even
for BITING,though here there may be some increased (though still remote)
chance of transmitting the disease.
The above is very important. It means that there is NO medical
reason WHAT SO EVER to recommend that AIDS suffers or AIDS antibody
positive folks be quarrantined. Such recommendations are motivated either
by ignorance or by sinister desires to set up concentration camps.
Combined with the fact that the disease is already well established in
this ountry, the above also means that there is no rational medical basis
for immigration laws preventing visits by AIDS suffers or antibody
positive persons.
The above also means that friends and family and coworkers of AIDS
patients and seropostive persons have nothing to fear from such casual
contact. There is no reason to not show your love or concern for a friend
with AIDS by embracing the person. Indeed, there appears still to be NO
rational basis for excluding AIDS suffers from food preparation activity.
Even if an AIDS suffer cuts his or her finger and bleeds into the salad
or soup, most of the cells and virus will die, in most cases, before the
food is consumed. In addition, it is extremely difficult to get
successfully attacked by AIDS via stuff you eat.
AIDS cannot be transmitted by the act of GIVING blood to a blood
bank. All equipment used for such blood donation is sterile, and is used
just once, and then discarded.
How is AIDS transmitted?
Sexual activity is one of the primary ways AIDS is transmitted.
AIDS is transmitted particulary by the transmission of blood or semen of
an infected person into contact with the blood of an uninfected person.
Sex involving penetration of the penis into either the vagina of a woman
or the rectum of either a woman or a man has a very high risk of
transmitting the disease. It is felt to be about four times MORE likely
for an infected male to transmit AIDS to an uninfected woman in the
course of vaginal sex than it is likely for an infected woman to transmit
AIDS to an uninfected male. This probably relates to the greater area of
moist tissue in a woman's vagina, and to the relative liklihood of
microscopic tears to occur in that tissue during sex. But the bottom line
is that AIDS can be transmitted in EITHER direction in the case of
heterosexual sex. Transmission among lesbians (homosexual females) is
rare.
Oral sex is an extremely common form of sexual activity among both
gay and straight folks. Such activity involves contact of infected semen
or vaginal secretions with the mouth, esophagus (the tube that connects
the mouth with the stomach) and the stomach. AIDS virus and infected cells
most certainly cannot survive the acid environment of the stomach. Yet, it
is still felt that there is a chance of catching the disease by having
oral sex with an infected person. The chance is probably a lot smaller
than in the case of vaginal or rectal sex, but is still felt to be
significant.
As mentioned above, AIDS is also transmitted among intravenous
drug users by the sharing of needles. Self righteous attitudes by the
political "leaders" of this country at local, state, and national levels
have repeatedly prevented the very rational approach of providing free
access to sterile intravenous equipment for IV drug users. This measure,
when taken promptly in Amsterdam, was proven to greatly and
SIGNIFICANTLY slow the spread of the virus in that population. The best
that rational medical workers have succeeded in doing here in San
Francisco is distribute educational leaflets and cartoons to the I.V. drug
abusing population instructing them in the necessity of their rinsing
their "works" with chlorox before reusing the same needle in another
person. Note that even if you don't care what happens to I.V. drug abusers,
the increase in the number of folks carrying the virus ultimately
endangers ALL living persons. Thus, the issue is NOT what you morally
think of I.V. drug addicts, but one of what is the most rational way to
slow the spread of AIDS in all populations.
Testing of donated blood for AIDS has massivly reduced the chance
of catching AIDS from blood transfusions. But a very small risk still
remains. To further reduce that risk, efforts have been made to use
"autotransfusions" in cases of "elective surgery" (surgery that can be
planned months in advance). Autotransfusion involves the patient storing
their own blood a couple of weeks prior to their own surgery, to be used
during the surgery if needed. Similary, setting up donations of blood
from friends and family known to be antibody negative and at low risk for
AIDS prior to schedualed surgery further can decrease the already small
risks from transfusion.
AIDS and SEX: What are the rational options?
The "sexual revolution" of the 1960's has been stopped dead in its
tracks by the AIDS epidemic. The danger of contracting AIDS is so real
now that it has massively affected the behavior of both gay and straight
folks who formerly had elected to lead an active sexual life that included
numerous new sexual contacts.
Abstinence
The safest option regarding AIDS and sex is total abstinence from
all sexual contact. For those who prefer to indulge in sexual contact,
this is often far too great a sacrifice. But it IS an option to be
considered.
Safe Sex
For those who wish to have sexual contact with folks on a
relatively casual basis, there have been devised rules for "safe sex".
These rules are very strict, and will be found quite objectionable by
most of us who have previously enjoyed unrestricted sex. But to violate
these rules is to risk unusually horrible death. Once one gets used to
them, tho, the rule for "safe sex" do allow for quite acceptable sexual
enjoyment in most cases.
For those who wish to indulge in pentration of the vagina or
rectum by a penis: The penis MUST be sheathed in a condom or "rubber".
This must be done "religiously", and NO exceptions are allowed. A condom
must be used by a man even when he is receiving oral sex. Cunnilingus
(oral stimulation of a womans gentitals by the mouth of a lover) is NOT
considerd to be safe sex. Safe sex includes mutual masturbation, and the
stimultion of one genitals by another's hand (provided there are no cuts
in the skin on that hand). But manual stimulation of another's genitals
is NOT safe if one has cuts on one's hands, unless one is wearing a glove.
Note that even when one is conscientiously following the
recommendations for safe sex, accidents can happen. Condoms can break. One
may have small cuts or tears in ones skin that one is unaware of. Thus,
following rules for "safe sex" does NOT guarantee that one will not get
AIDS. It does, however, greatly reduce the chances. There are many
examples of sexaully active couples where one member has AIDS disease and
the other remains seronegative even after many months of safe sex with the
diseased person. It is particularly encouraging to note that, due to
education programs among San Francisco gay males, the incidence of new
cases of AIDS infection among that high risk group has dropped massively.
Between practice of safe sex and a significant reduction in the number of
casual sexual contacts, the spread of AIDS is being massively slowed in
that group. Similar responsible action MUST be taken by straight folks to
further slow the spread of AIDS, to give our researchers time to find the
means to fight it.
Monogamy
For those who would have sexual activity, the safest approach in
this age of AIDS is monogamous sex. Specifically, both parties in a
couple must commit themselves to not having sex with anyone else. At that
time they should take AIDS antibody tests. If the tests are negative for
both, they must practice safe sex until both members of the couple have
been greater than six months since sexual contact with anyone else. At
that time the AIDS blood test is repeated. If both tests remain negative
six months after one's last sexual contact with any other party, current
feeling is that it is now safe to have "unprotected" sex. Note that this
approach is recommended especially for those who wish to have children, to
prevent the chance of having a child be born infected with AIDS, getting
it from an infected mother. Note also that this approach can be used by
groups of three or more people, but it must be adhered to VERY strictly.
What to AVOID:
Unscrupulous folks have begun to sell the idea that one should pay
to take an AIDS antibody test, then carry an ID card that certifies one as
AIDS antibody negative, as a ticket to being acceptable in a singles bar.
This is criminal greed and stupidity. First, one can turn antibody
positive at any time. Even WEEKLY testing will not pick this change up
soon enough to prevent folks certified as "negative" from turning positive
between tests. Much worse, such cards are either directly or implicitly
promoted as a SUBSTITUTE for "safe sex" practices. This can only hasten
the spread of the disease.
If you want to learn your antibody status, be sure to do so
ANONYMOUSLY. Do NOT get the test done by any agency that requires your
real name, address, or any other identifying information. Fortunately,
in San Francisco, there is a public place to get AIDS antibody testing
where you may identify yourself only as a number. Tho that place has a
three month long waiting list for testing, there are other private clinics
where one may have the test done for cash, and may leave any false name
one wishes. The reason I suggest this is that currently there are some
very inappropriate reactions by government and business to folks known to
be antibody positive. Protect yourself from such potential persection by
preventing your antibody status from being a matter of record. That
information is for you, your lover(s), and (if need be) your physician.
And for NO one else.
There currently is NO treatment for AIDS (this includes AZT) that
shows significant promise.
In Conclusion:
It is my own strongly held view, and that of the medical and
research community world wide, that the AIDS epidemic is a serious problem,
with the potential to become the worst plague this species has ever known.
This is SERIOUS business. VASTLY greater sums should be spent on
searching for treatments and vaccines. On the other hand, we feel strongly
that this is "merely" a disease, not an act by a supernatural power. And
while it does not seem likely we will find either a cure or a vaccine in
the forseeable future, it may be that truly effective treatments that can
indefinitely prolong the life of AIDS victims may be found in the next few
years. When science and technology do finally fully conquer AIDS, we can
go back to deciding what sort and how much sex to have with who ever we
choose on the basis of our own personal choice, and not by the coercion of
a speck of proteins and RNA. May that time come soon. In the mean time,
we must all do what we can to slow the spread of this killer. This
article is intended to help accomplish that. Please circulate it as widely
as possible.
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