A Dialogue Paper on Human Cloning
This dialogue is between two students at the university. Steve is a little uncomfortable about cloning, while Sally presents many valid arguments in favor of it. Steve presents many moral questions that Sally answers.
Steve: Hi, Sally. Are you aware that the Scottish embryologist, Ian Wilmut, cloned a sheep from adult cells, and now, there are many moral, economic, and political questions that must be answered.
Sally: Interestingly enough, I was just reading about this topic in a magazine. I was amazed at the simplicity of the cloning process used by Dr. Wilmut and his colleagues. The process of cloning a sheep begins by taking the cells from the udder of an adult sheep, and placing them in a culture with few nutrients. The purpose of this is to starve the cells so that they stop dividing. This switches off the active genes. While they starve these cells, they take an unfertilized egg from a different ewe, and remove the nucleus from this unfertilized egg. Then, they place the unfertilized egg cell next to one of the original starved cells
Steve: How do the two cells come together? Does it happen spontaneously?
Sally: No, it does not happen spontaneously. An electric pulse fuses the two cells together. A second electric pulse makes the cell divide. After six days, Dr. Wilmut placed this embryo into a different ewe, and after a normal gestation period, the new baby sheep named Dolly was born. She was named after Dolly Parton.
Steve: But cloning is not new. In 1952, researchers in Pennsylvania cloned a live frog. What makes Dr. Wilmut's achievement so special?
Sally: Yes, it is true that a frog was cloned in 1952, but those scientists used an embryonic cell. Dr. Wilmut used an adult cell.
Steve: What is the difference between using an embryonic cell and an adult cell?
Sally: Embryonic cells are "undifferentiated." Undifferentiated cells have not gone through changes that make some cells into skin cells or muscle cells or brain cells, for example. Undifferentiated cells can become any cell in the body because it can activate any gene on any chromosome, but as cells develop, the DNA of certain cells fold in particular ways making large portions of the DNA inaccessible. This makes sure that the wrong genes do not get turned on at the wrong time or in the wrong place.
Silver’s argument illustrates to his audience that reproductive cloning deems permissible, but most people of today’s society frown upon reproductive cloning and don’t accept it. He believes that each individual has the right to whether or not they would want to participate in reproductive cloning because it is their reproductive right. However, those who participate in cloning run the risk of other’s imposing on their reproductive rights, but the risk would be worth it to have their own child.
"(261)". We can not undo what has been discovered and we must ensure that all countries involved with cloning form a committee to monitor the uses of this technology to ensure that it is used in the best interest of mankind. Works Cited Bishop, Michael J. - "The 'Bishop'" The "Enemies of Promise" The Presence of Others. C Comp. Andrea A. Lunsford and John J. Ruskiewicz.
Secondly, Muhammad is a person who received the Koran’s revelations and founded Islam as a prophet. Muhammad was born in Mecca, and when he became 12, he followed his uncle, and served as a caravan trader. While
The growth of religious ideas is environed with such intrinsic difficulties that it may never receive a perfectly satisfactory exposition. Religion deals so largely with the imaginative and emotional nature, and consequently with such an certain elements of knowledge, the all primitive religions are grotesque to some extent unintelligible. (1877:5)
Kristen: Um, yes, professor. Would you please elaborate on the term undifferentiated cell? Also, the word cloning sounds like something you would hear from science fiction movies or novels--isn't the cloning process very complicated?
Cloning is not new; experiments with frogs and toads go back to the 1970’ with the experiments concerning animal and plant embryos have been preformed for
Cloning an organism means creating a new organism with the same genetic information as an existing one. This is a therapeutic treatment. Since 1885, there have been a number of researchers, scientists, geneticists, reproductive technologists and embryologists, such as August Weismann, Hans Spemann, Walter Sutton, Paul Berg, Steen Willadsen, et al., who have contributed much to the research and development of our current concepts of cloning. Two of the more recent renowned contributors to cloning research and experimentation are Ian Wilmut, a Ph.D. D. in animal genetic engineering, and Richard Seed, who founded Fertility and Genetics in the 1980s. In 1973, for his thesis at Darwin College, Ian Wilmut created the first calf ever produced from a frozen embryo.
Spearmann thought of cloning as a way to study cell differentiation. Briggs and King used the technique of nuclear transfer on amphibians and it was successful (Campbell). “Subsequently John Gurdon demonstrated the potential to reprogram differentiated cells by producing adult Xenopus using epithelial cells from developing tadpole intestine as nuclear donors,” says Alberio Campbell. Unfortunately, later studies show that this method of cloning tadpoles didn’t allow them to develop to the adult stage of life (Campbell). “The use of enucleated metaphase II oocytes as recipient cytoplasts proved more successful and in 1986 resulted in the production of live lambs using blastomeres from 8 to 16-cell stage embryos as nuclear donors,” says Campbell. This success in sheep was also used on other mammals such as cattle and swine. There were limitations to the technology. First, the “frequency development was very low”...
Higher education costs have been increasing at a rapid pace, faster than inflation for the economy as a whole, for the past fifty years. It started in the 1960’s when the federal government passed the Higher Education Act to increase the amount of people able to afford and attend college. Regardless of the Unites States Government efforts to increase the affordability of college, federal aid programs have not risen to expectations due to the ever-increasing college prices. To lower the price of college, the government needs to cut back on student financial spending to go only to the lowest income families and create tax incentives for families to start saving up on their own.
Smart, Ninian. "Blackboard, Religion 100." 6 March 2014. Seven Dimensions of Religion. Electronic Document. 6 March 2014.
Religion is an organized collection of beliefs and cultural systems that entail the worship of a supernatural and metaphysical being. “Religion just like other belief systems, when held onto so much, can stop one from making significant progress in life”. Together with religion come traditions that provide the people with ways to tackle life’s complexities. A subscription to the school of thought of great scholars
One of the first steps toward college reform is to begin adjusting our tuition rates accordingly. Many college institutions have steadily raised the cost of tuition resulting in many students to have difficulties paying for college across the United States. Tuition rates have been a huge barrier for college undergraduates: "Over the past three decades, tuition at four-year colleges has more than doubled, even after adjusting for inflation" (Fact Sheet). Tuition is steadily increasing, causing college to become more expensive than in previous decades. Instead of helping Americans who have a desire to attend an educational institution, the government is slowly making it harder to attend and pay for college. High Tuition is preventing college undergraduates from obtaining a degree, causing many to be in a financial crisis when taking into account student loans and paying for tuition. Having high inflation rates in the economy is only making it worse and more difficult to get a higher education. The government would undoubtedly want to see improvements in employment rates within the United States, yet when Americans are trying desperately to obtain a degree, they have to deal with the overwhelming, costly tuition rates that have caused many to slow graduation and make college students pile up more debt than necessary. Thus, students often worry about debt
...mmad, Apostle of Allah wrote with the purpose of leading others to the Islamic religion. This is shown in the positive manner that Muhammad is spoken of. The story of Allah sending an angel to speak to Muhammad puts this great man on a very high pedestal, which encourages others to follow him. The prophet Muhammad was a very influential leader of the Islamic religion.
The word Muhammad is known as the praised one. His mother heard an angelic voice while she was pregnant and he was born covered in light. He was born to Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in 570 CE. (Fisher 176) Muhammad was visited by two angles at the stage of infancy and they removed sin from his heart by using a pure white snow. He have a birthmark in his back which is surrounded by hair and Jews identified this as the mark of godliness. Muhammad’s father died before he was born. His father was doing a trading journey and after his father’s death his family fell on hard times. Muhammad was sent to a Bedouin tribe to be wet nursed as per the custom and a poor woman took him in so Muhamm...