INTRODUCTION
The development of a low cost process for removal of acid gases and solid particles in flue gases from incinerators is desirable. A cyclone scrubber is one of the processes, which can absorb the gases, separate particles, and decrease the gas temperature simultaneously. For understanding the phenomena of gas absorption and particle separation simultaneously in a cyclone scrubber, it is very important to understand the gas absorption and the particle separation exclusively. This paper studied the absorption phenomena of gas-liquid in a cyclone scrubber. Despite the relatively simple design and the broad use of these types of scrubbers, the processes taking place with the simultaneous absorption and separation, their interactions, and fluid dynamics are quite complex and give rise to rather complicated problems in design and optimization. Consequently, its modeling is a complex task since a system of nonlinear differential equations must be solved and many transport and chemical parameters ought to be evaluated. Hence, the development of more simple and reliable models comprises the subject of numerous researches.
A process model is a functional relationship among variables that explains the cause and effect relationships between inputs and outputs. Models can be developed from fundamental principles, such as the laws of conservation of mass, energy, and momentum, and other chemical engineering principles. Such models are capable of explaining the underlying physics of the system and are called phenomenological models. However, due to the complexity of the process in the cyclone scrubber system, it is very difficult to obtain accurate phenomenological models. Even if an accurate phenome- nological model is obtained, ...
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...e proposed model more confidence.
Table 3 Mean absolute relative errors between experimental and calculated values
Gas-liquid system
Mean absolute relative error, %
CO2-Ca(OH)2-H2O:
L/G = 0.16
L/G = 0.1
L/G = 0.07
CO2-NaOH-H2O:
L/G = 0.16
0.385
0.540
0.366
0.725
CONCLUSION
This paper investigates modeling strategy by artificial neural networks for the non-linear dynamic processes of a cyclone scrubber. The three layer feed-forward neural network (3-FFNN) has been chosen for neural network modeling.
The comparison between the simulation results of the neural network and experimental data has been discussed to show the validity of the proposed model. The comparison illustrates that the accuracy of 3-FFNN is satisfactory with experimental. In conclusion, the highly non-linear behavior of cyclone scrubber can be modeled successfully by utilizing the 3-FFNN.
The evolution of a fluid (gas) can also be described by the exact dynamics of the individual particles that constitutes the fluid (gas) in terms of Newton equations. However, this is complicated in the sense that in order to compute the time evolution of the fluid, one will have to solve a system of 6N first order differential equations with 6N unknowns constituting the position and velocity vectors. A perquisite for this computation is the knowledge of 6N initial
Refrigeration, the production of cold, is an essential practice for present-day living. It is used in a many place like the processing and preservation of food, conditioning of air for comfort, manufacture of chemicals and other materials, cooling of concrete, medical applications etc. Refrigeration is defined as the science of maintaining the temperature of a particular space lower than its surrounding space. Refrigeration and air conditioning involves various processes such as compression, expansion, cooling, heating, humidification, de-humidification, air purification, air distribution etc. In all these processes, there is an exchange of mass, momentum and energy. All these exchanges are subject to certain fundamental laws. Hence to understand and analyses the refrigeration and air conditioning systems, a basic knowledge of the laws of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer is essential.
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
Most of the large dams designed with complicated geometry in which physical models have been used extensively. Overflow design guidelines has been used for standard geometries, which are fairly simple. For more complex geometries, physical and numerical models studied here was helpful. The disadvantages with the physical models are high costs and that it can take fairly long time to get the results. In this paper we used a numeric method that is called volume of fluid (VOF) to calculate flow rates on three types of ogee spillways. The results were compared and these comparisons showed good proximity between numeric and experimental data. Results provided information on how accurately a commercially available computational fluid dynamic CFD model can predict the spillway flow rate.
Tropical cyclones are always generally severe, wherever they occure. Despite this, certain conditions can make the comsequences of the cyclone more severe. For example, Hurricane Katrina and Cyclone Nargis were both of similar intensities, however, there were many differences in the aftermath of the storm. Before the storm, it is cruicial that it is dedected. Detection allows proper precautions to be put in place. Hurricane Katrina was spotted by advanced, sophisticated monitoring satellite systems, which were able to track the storm and predict a trajectorial path; whereas the appropriate covernments where informed of hurricane Nargis just an hour before it was set to hit their shores. Furthermore, Mississippi and Louisiana declared states
Hurricane? Cyclone? Typhoon? They’re all basically the same but are officially under the category of cyclones. Both Hurricanes and typhoons are examples of cyclones and just vary depending on where they took place. A hurricane is a tropical cyclone, a storm that forms over tropical or subtropical ocean water while a typhoon forms in the pacific ocean. These are both low-pressure, rotating types of weather that bring thunderstorms. They are caused by a boundary separating two air masses of different densities. When a storm's highest sustained winds get up to 74 mph, it is then called a hurricane. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating that is based on a cyclones top wind speed. The higher the wind speed means a higher category and the greater the hurricane's danger. Sadly, cyclones can be the cause of a lot of destruction to many coastal cities and can make millions of dollars of damage. Luckily, our advancing technology has helped our meteorologists see these types of big storms forming. Cyclones are detected by Pulse-Doppler radar, photogrammetry, and ground swirl
During the storming phase, the way in which group members should behave and relate towards one another are not always clearly defined. However, the storming process helps group members to extract the necessary norms that will allow for the group to get to a point where they can work together to reach common goals. It is in this stage where more positive emotions are exhibited (Gladding, 2017). For example, in 12 Angry Men (Lumet & Rose, 1956) the men finally began to listen to one another as they discussed their understanding of the case and the evidence that was presented. Group members began to respect one another’s opinion and even give assent to thoughts that were beneficial in reaching a verdict. Part of this was due to the process of identification, where group members began to feel a connectedness with one
After we have been struck with multiple hurricanes in the United States I thought that it was only fitting that I learn more about them. Hurricanes are some of the most violent storms on earth. ‘’ Hurricanes form near the equator over warm ocean waters.” “The generic, scientific term for these storms, wherever they occur is a tropical cyclone.” The two ingredients needed to create a tropical cyclone (hurricane) are warm ocean water and wind. The warm ocean water can explain why tropical cyclones form only in tropical areas (regions) when the water is at least 80 degrees. Then the wind will pass over the oceans surface the water evaporates and rises, then the water vapor cools and condenses back into large water droplets. After that, the water vapor cools and will condense
t = time, a = volume of reactant, k is a constant of proportionality; x is the order of reaction. Because k is a constant of proportionality 1/t is directly proportional to the rate of reactant. Then to find out the order of reaction in a catalysed system the volume of ammonia molbydate is varied and the concentration of the other reactants kept the same. Thirdly to investigate the activation energies, the concentrations are kept the same and the temperature is varied.
Since the 1980's there have been renewed research efforts dedicated to neural networks. The present interest is largely due to the difficult problems confronted by artificial intelligence, and due to the deeper understanding of how the brain works, the recent developments in theoretical models, technologies and algorithms. One motivation of neural network research is the desire to build a new breed of powerful computers to solve a variety of problems that have proved to be very difficult with conventional computers. Another motivation is the desire to develop cognitive models that can serve as an alternative way to artificial intelligence. Human brain functions have not yet been successfully simulated in an AI system. Some existing neural network, on the other hand, have shown potential for these abilities. Using self-organization capabilities, neural networks are able to acquire and organize knowledge through learning in response to external stimuli. This paper addresses many techniques used in neural networks and possible applications in artificial intelligence. Some generic information about hybrid intelligent systems is also provided.
...and Lin, 1994) considering two management scenarios (i) maximization of total pumping (ii) minimization of total pumping cost. Results are compared with the previous results available in literature. Second, a multiobjective cat swarm optimization (MOCSO) model has been developed and coupled with AEM based simulation model. Coupled AEM-MOCSO model has been applied to the same hypothetical problem, considering two conflicting multiple objectives: maximization of total pumping and minimization of total pumping cost. Third reverse path line calculation of water particles from the well locations is done by particle tracking method (PT), using head and velocity obtained from AEM based flow simulation model. Then the model is coupled with CSO, to develop a management strategy for minimization of groundwater contamination by capture zone management (AEM-PT-CSO) of the well.
A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas and understanding its properties enables the understanding of their expected behaivor under different environmental conditoins. A fluid flows or deforms under an applied shear force and in most cases tend to occupy and take the shape of the container in which they are put. In every field of engineering, aspects of deep thinking and calculations are evident aimed at ascertaining the real conditions under which the different fluids can work to determine the right fluid to be used in a given section of...
... temperature of 112 0C also and a pressure 2.5 bar. Cooling water is used to condense the vapor exiting column. Remaining methane and hydrogen are separated in reflux drum where the vapor stream is combined with other gases streams. The overhead of first and second separator are combined to form fuel gas. The liquid stream exiting in the bottoms of the reflux drum is pumped at pressure of 3.3 bar for discharging pressure. The pump stream is separated in two streams. One stream is to feed to tray one of the column and the other one stream is cooled down to 38 0C in heat exchanger. Then, the cooled product stream is sent to storage.
Most important and key technique, such as information fusion, danger prediction technology traffic flow estimation and etc., cannot work without it. So the prediction of future time step for maneuvering of ship will be useful to implement the control forces accurately. The research based on the application of artificial intelligence such as Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic have shown the great potential for the prediction of ship behavior. A lot of interesting work has been carried out such as Ship Roll Motion Time series forecasting [4],online ship roll motion prediction [7], ship motion prediction [8], Ship trajectory based on Back propagation Neural Network [9] and Ship path following [10].The related work will be discussed in section 2.2. From [4], [7], [8], [9] and [10] it shows the great potential to implement the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the behavior of
Integration of the governing equations on the individual control volumes to construct an algebraic equations for the discrete dependent variables such as velocity, pressure, temperature and conserve scalar quantity.