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Purpose of academic writing
Purpose of academic writing
Purpose of academic writing
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In the primary literature article, the title, “Algal blooms decrease care but increase egg survival in a fish with paternal care”, was more like a hypothesis Jarvenpaa gave as general headline of what the paper will be talking about.
As for the abstract, it summarizes the paper in one paragraph, it includes the aim which is testing the effect of unclear water caused by algal on aspects of paternal care in a sand goby fish. It also summarizes the question Jarvenpaa was addressing. Then it includes the methods he used, allowing males to care for their eggs in clear and turbid water, to find the answer to the question he addressed. Finally he added the results he came up with that supported his hypothesis, that turbidity decreases egg care but increases egg survival.
From both the abstract and the title, the reader can easily assume that Jarevenpaa is trying to find evidence to support his hypothesis that algal bloom has an effect on father’s care to his egg by knowing the amount of survived eggs.
The introduction of the paper, “Algal blooms decrease care but increase egg survival in a fish with paternal care”, was rich enough to give the reader an idea about the background and the importance of this experiment conducted on sand goby fish. For every idea he included he cited more than one paper to support his ideas. Jarvenpaa started by explaining how changes in the environment would affect the parental care and he gave fish as an example. Jarvenpaa also described how any change in the concentration of oxygen would affect the costs and benefits of parental care in aquatic organisms; other researcher using flagfish and looking at parental care response to environmental gradient concluded this aspect (Hale et al, 2...
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..., the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus. Proc R Soc Lond B 271:2361–2365
Maria Lissåker, Charlotta Kvarnemo.2006. Ventilation or nest defense—parental care trade-offs in a fish with male care. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60:864–873
Kai Lindström.1992. Female spawning patterns and male mating success in the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus. Mar Biol 113:475–480.
Kenji Karino, Reiko Arai. 2006. Effect of clutch size on male egg-fanning behavior and hatching success in the goby, Eviota prasina (Klunzinger). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 334:43–50.
Jonna Engström-Öst and Ulrika Candolin.2007. Human-induced water turbidity alters selection on sexual displays in sticklebacks. Behav Ecol 18:393–398
Marja Jairvenpaa and Kai Lindstrom.2011. Algal blooms decrease care but increase egg survival in a fish with paternal care. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 65:2023-2028
While this species is relatively new to the ecosystem of the Great Lakes, it has had an impact. The goby is known to harass and kill many fish of its kind and eat the eggs of many different species of fish. When they first arrived it was not totally apparent to scientists whether they would be harmful or not. However, as more showed up their behavior has been monitored and it has been determined that they are harmful to the environment they have now invaded. This species, if not monitored can create large threats to the reproduction abilities of lake trout as well.
The Northern White-tailed deer have a polygynous mating system (fcps.edu, nd). Most white tails mate in their second year but it is possible for females to become sexually active after only seven months. The male species are polygamous but may develop an attachment to a doe for several days or weeks. The female species come into heat in November for only twenty-four hours. If the female is not mated she will have a second heat...
Fruteau C, Range F, Noe R. 2009 Infanticide risk and infant defence in multi-male free-ranging sooty mangabeys, Cercocebus atys. Behavioral Processes 83, 113-118
The courting ritual begins with the males circling females in an offshore mating ground and then the males approach and bite a female’s neck and if she accepts, they mate; if she does not accept, she swims to the bottom of the mating grounds (Deurmit L 2007). Males have long claws to use during mating because other males try to remove the mating male in order to mate with the female (Deurmit L 2007). Caretta caretta are polygynandrous and breed seasonally in the early summer (Deurmit L 2007). With mating, the females have the ability to store sperm throughout the reproductive season (Sakaoka K et al.). This characteristic developed with “changes in the sperm storage tubules (SSTs) in the oviduct” and allows the females to reproduce more (Sakaoka K et al.). This storage helps to combat climate change because Caretta caretta, as a species, only breed during certain temperatures (Sakaoka K et al.). Female loggerhead turtles have developed sperm storage abilities within mating to combat climate
In the early development process of many organisms, it is important to be able to minimize exposure to agents of stunted or arrested development. By decreasing the mortality rate for a generation of a species, that species is given an advantage in later reproduction; by increasing the number of organisms of the same species within a limited environment, more organisms of the same species are able to reproduce, resulting in an augmented overall population ("Reproduction and Development", 2013). However, when toxins are introduced to an environment, an embryo’s viability can decrease. Mortality rates for the generation of the species can increase, and defects that are harmful to the reproductive cycle can emerge. Thus, it is necessary to measure and observe the effects of certain toxins on embryonic development. The North American brine shrimp, or Artemia Franciscana (Artemia Salina), is subject to changes in its environment. Toxins introduced to its hatching environment, such as ethanol (in concentrations of 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%), can have significant impact for the hatching process and embryonic development. The experiment sought to explore the relationship between birth defects and exposure to ethanol at early developmental stages through the use of American brine shrimp. However, to be able to fully comprehend the impact that certain toxins would have on the embryonic development of the North American brine shrimp, it is first important to be versed in its specific hatching process.
...to 300 individuals, the newborn seahorses are independent of parental care and the male is free to fertilize and accept more eggs(Lourie 11). The offspring bearing roles displayed by Hippocampus spp. is an extreme shift in relation to many other species of kingdom Animalia, of which the bearing of young is predominantly carried out by females. According to Foster, growth rates throughout the life cycle and the duration of the life cycle of seahorses in the wild varies between species and cannot be determined due to insufficient research data(foster 22). Once sexual maturity is reached, often determined by the presence of a brood pouch in males, adults are able to reproduce. During reproduction, the overwhelming majority of Hippocampus species display monogamous behaviors, usually mating with the same partner for the duration of the mating cycle(lourie 10-11).
Varricchio, David J., Frankie Jackson, and Clive N. Trueman. “A Nesting Trace with Eggs for
The Artemia franciscana can survive in extreme conditions of salinity, water depth, and temperature (Biology 108 laboratory manual, 2010), but do A. franciscana prefer these conditions or do they simply cope with their surroundings? This experiment explored the extent of the A. franciscanas preference towards three major stimuli: light, temperature, and acidity. A. franciscana are able to endure extreme temperature ranges from 6 ̊ C to 40 ̊ C, however since their optimal temperature for breeding is about room temperature it can be inferred that the A. franciscana will prefer this over other temperatures (Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). This is much the same in regards to acidity as Artemia franciscana, in general thrive in saline lakes, can survive pH ranges between 7 and 10 with 8 being ideal for cysts(eggs) to hatch (Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). Based on this fact alone the tested A. franciscana should show preference to higher pH levels. In nature A. franciscana feed by scraping food, such as algae, of rocks and can be classified as a bottom feeder; with this said, A. franciscana are usually located in shallow waters. In respect to the preference of light intensity, A. franciscana can be hypothesized to respond to light erratically (Fox, 2001; Al Dhaheri and Drew, 2003). Using these predictions, and the results of the experimentation on the A. franciscana and stimuli, we will be able to determine their preference towards light, temperature, and pH.
The purpose of this lab was to study the response of the genus Daphnia to chemical stimuli and to examine human responses to different stimuli. A stimulus is an incentive; it is the cause of a physical response. Stimuli can have a physical or chemical change; an example of a physical change is a change in temperature and sound. An example of chemical change would be changes in hormone levels and pH levels. Muscular activity or glandular secretions are responses that occurs when stimulus information effects the nervous and/or hormone system. Daphnia is a genus; it is a small crustacean that lives in fresh water. The body of the daphnia is visible and its internal organs are clearly seen thus it was chosen for this exercise. The
When economic incentives overshadow moral reasoning, people often disregard, or temporarily repress moral arguments, and eagerly turn toward the economic incentives. In January 2009, a 440 lb Bluefin tuna sold for $173,000 (Keim, 2009). The average weight and size of a bluefin tuna is 770 lbs and 2-2.5 m. This high selling price reflects an irresistible incentive to catch these immense fish and sell them to the highly demanding market. Demand for bluefin tuna has grown so high that demand is starting to supersede the supply. In anticipation of resolving this problem, commercial fisheries began large-scale fishing of the tuna. Bluefin Tuna have very fast swimming speeds, which allow them to migrate between cold temperate feeding grounds and warm water spawning grounds regularly (Fromentin and Powers, 2005). Atlantic Bluefin Tuna can sustain cold (down to 3°C) as well as warm (up to 30°C) temperatures while maintaining stable internal body temperature (Block et al. 2001). One problem with the unrestricted fishing of Bluefin tuna is their susceptibility to being overfished. Northern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in particular have life spans of over 30 years. This causes them to be more vulnerable to getting caught at some point in their lifetimes. In addition it takes them eight years to mature which leads to a very slow reproductive cycle (Fromentin and Powers, 2005). By the time they reach eight, there is a very good chance that they will already be caught eliminating their chance for reproduction. Egg production, for the individual species that do make it to maturity, appears to be size-dependent: a smaller, younger female produces an average of five million eggs, while a larger, older female can carry up to 45 million eggs (Rodriguez-Ro...
The experiment measured the survival rate, the growth rate, and the size of the brine shrimp at the time harvested in various environments. To obtain these measurements, three environments were created: sea water, brackish water, and freshwater. For this experiment the scientists used 5 liter plastic buckets. Every two days, half of the water from each bucket was discarded and new water, of each respective salinity, was added into each bucket...
" Society & Animals 18.2 (2010): 183-203. Academic Search Premier -. EBSCO. Web. The Web. The Web.
Males are usually larger than females, but there are no obvious physical differences that mark their sexes. There is only one very slight difference in the pattern of scales in front of the cloaca. Though it is difficult for researchers to identify the sexes, the Komodos seem to have no trouble. They mate between the months of May and August. The female lays about 30 eggs and the incubation cycle is roughly 9 months (Benyus, 1992).
This has significance when looking at pollution and the effects it has on marine life because: “Pollution controls and habitat restoration have had important roles in the recovery of diadromous fishes. Overall, in terms of relative importance of the different factors, it has been shown that 95% of recoveries of exploited marine species in estuarine and coastal regions were enabled by