Applied Pharmacology
Morphine is excreted through the urinary system and the biliary system. In the urinary system, the drug is excreted according to the amount of urine being excreted by an individual (Armstrong & Cozza 2003). After being consumed by the liver, morphine is passed to the blood stream, from where it reaches the kidney for excretion. The drug is then taken up in the urinary system and directed to the urinary bladder for excretion. The drug is metabolized in the liver after which it is passed to the kidney. Upon ingestion, over 60 % of the drug is converted to M3G, a compound that makes it highly effective in the central nervous system. The reaction of morphine in the body is as shown in the diagram below.
Morphine alters the operations of interleukin and this normally causes adverse effects upon the host. When morphine attacks the central and sympathetic nervous systems, many cellular and molecular activities are altered (Chahl 1996). One of the functions that are altered is stimuli detection. Pain and other stimuli are not detected once the drug is taken. In case a patient is suffering from asthma and leukemia, it is advisable not to administer the drug (Jiang & Ma 2007).
Leukemia is a disease associated with blood and the effects of morphine on blood are immense, given that the drug attacks the organs dealing in blood circulation (Health Grades 2011). Morphine may therefore be a very dangerous drug to combine with leukemia as it may cause a serious blood clot and eventually death. Asthma is also another disease that should never be combined with morphine.
Advair Diskus is one of the drugs that unfavorably interact with morphine (Stoelting 1999). The drug is used in treatment of asthma and when it reacts with morphine, the patient would have to be treated in pain. This is because both drugs stimulate the respiratory organs and make the heartbeats to increase (Bartnik, Hovda & Lee 2007). Flexeril may also cause adverse effects when taken in combination with morphine. This is because the drug is a depressant of the central nervous system and respiratory system (Department of Health 2011). In addition to these two drugs, Lexapro should never be taken with morphine as it may increase the reactions and depressant effects at the central nervous system and the respiratory system. The consequences are total body inactivity and if taken in overdose, a coma or death may occur (Martin, Rosenthal & Fiskum 2005).
... side effects such as analgesia, alteration in mood and drowsiness can occur. Fentanyl depresses the respiratory centres and the cough reflexes in addition to restricting the pupils. Analgesic blood concentration of fentanyl can cause nausea and vomiting due to stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone.5
Naloxone [Narcan] is a structural analog of morphine that acts as a competitive antagonist at opioid receptors, thereby blocking opioid actions. Naloxone can reverse most effects of the opioid agonists, including respiratory depression, coma, and analgesia (Lehne, 2013). Naloxone may be administered IV, IM, Intranasal, or subQ. Following IV injection, effects begin almost immediately and persist about 1 hour. Following IM or subQ injection, effects begin within 2 to 5 minutes and persist several hours (Lehne, 2013).
Where did this drug come from and what makes it different from any other drug that is on the market? Heroin's origins go back long before Christ was a bleep on the radar. It goes back to 1200 B.C. Or the Bronze Age. At that time how ever heroin would be known as its chemically altered state of the poppy seeds. Even at that time however the ancient peoples of that time knew that if the poppy seeds juice were collected and dried. the extract that was left behind could make a effective painkiller. This would later be named opium. There were small incidents of it appearing in Europe, for instance it was used by the gladiators in the Roman Colosseum. But as a whole it would take more then a millennium for opium to travel from the Middle East to the Europe. This only occurred do to crusades. In just a few hundred after that is went from a rarely used painkiller to a liquid that was said to cure all aliments and would even lead to the most humiliating defeat China Empire. In the 1803 opium became dwarfed by its new brother morphine which is named in honor of the Greek god Morpheus who is the god of dreams. Morphine is an extract of opium and is ruffly 10 times the strength of its counter part. After Morphine creation it was put to used almost at once to assist battle field victims. This was a mistake however, because this refined does of opium is also 10 times more addicting then it was in its original form. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers would retur...
If the drug is being used primarily to treat severe pain not responsive to other analgesics, in a painful terminal condition, (such as advanced widespread cancer), it may ...
Extreme gasping and muscle spasms can occur. While losing consciousness, a person can vomit and then inhale the vomit. Panic, feelings of terror and assaultive behavior take place from the drug-induced confusion. Other problems can include difficulty in taking the drugs, failure of the drugs to induce unconsciousness and a number of days elapsing before death occurs. (NEJM)
...imes a day due to the buildup in a person’s body. It can also disrupt the hearts rhythm, and is risky when taken with other painkillers. (7)
Cocaine is a drug derived from the leaf of the Erytroxylon cocoa bush, which grows primarily in Peru and Bolivia. Cocaine also known as coke, C, snow, flake, nose candy, blow, or crack is generally sold on the street as a hydrochloride salt( a water-soluble salt). Cocaine is a fine, white crystalline powder often diluted with similar-looking substances such as talcum powder, sugar, or amphetamines. The powder can be snorted into the nostrils, also may be rubbed onto the mucous linings of the mouth, rectum, or vagina. To experience cocaine's effects quickly, and to heighten their intensity, users sometimes dissolve it in water and injects into a vein. The drug may be smoked in a purified form through a water pipe (freebassing) or in a concentrated form (crack) shaped into pellets or rocks and placed in special smoking gear. Despite today's abuse of the highly addictive drug, cocaine was intended for medical purposes. Pure cocaine was first extracted and identified by the German chemist Albert Niemann in the mid-19thcentury, and was introduced as a tonic/elixir in patent medicines to treat a variety of real or imagined illnesses. Later, it was used as a local anesthetic for eye, ear, and throat surgery and continues today to have limited use in surgery. Cocaine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that heightens alertness and provides intense feelings of pleasure. Because of it's potent euphoric and energizing effects, many people
... a few hours, the overall impact of consuming this drug can inevitably lead to serious complications and illnesses. Before consuming or breaking down to pressure, it would be wise to become educated on the subject of heroin. Its original intend failed to be a cure to addiction but was contrary to the belief, and ended up being highly addictive as its original component, morphine. From the reasoning and scientific evidence displayed above, heroin is a molecule that disrupts the natural order and balance of life, leaving behind a path of destruction. It is also important to note that heroin addiction is treatable and is manageable with the help of a professional (“Heroin in the Brain”, n.d.). Whether it is snorting it, smoking it or injecting it there is no okay amount or consumption of this drug that will benefit an individual. Its nature is too disrupt and destroy.
...essive episodes (CareNotes). As chemo is administered, patients may aquire other issues, such as a loss in appitite, less energy, sores in the mouth, pain throughout the body, an increased heartbeat, coughing or breathing issues, and confusion (CareNotes). According to CareNotes, patients must stay away from people that are sick, due to a decreased immune system, and they must drink a lot of water to stay hydrated.
During digestion, the body breaks down food into smaller molecules that could then be used by the body’s cells and tissues in order to perform functions. This starts off in the mouth with the physical movements of chewing and the chemical breakdown by saliva. Enzymes in the stomach break food down further after traveling from the mouth through the esophagus. The food from here then moves into the small intestine, where pancreatic juices and enzymes dissolve proteins, carbohydrates, and fibers, and bile from the liver breaks down fats into these small molecules. Any portion of the fibers or food that were unable to be broken down are passed from the small intestine to the large intestine, which is where the digestive tract transitions into the excretory tract, then the colon and out of the rectum. Any liquids that have been stripped of their nutrients by the body proceed from the stomach to the kidneys. In the kidneys, sodium ions (Na+), uric acid, and urea are exchanged with water, which moves urinary bladder and is excreted through the
...ause harmful side effects when mixed with the drugs that are a part of cancer treatment (Gillison).
The body does makes some opiate-like molecules that block pain slows down breathing, which has an overall calming and anti-depressing effect for normal
the left of a pair of crystals that are a mirror image of each other.
Aranella, Cheryl, MD., M.P.H. Use of Opiates to Manage Pain in the Seriously and Terminally Ill Patient. American Hospice Foundation, 2006. Web. 7 November 2011.
The talk about prescription painkillers prescribed by doctors are starting to be widely debated whether they’re doing more good than harm. The debate on whether painkillers are good for the human health has came into a mild and somewhat highly discussed topic within the last decade. At first prescribed painkillers were thought to be good, but these prescribed painkillers have always been like a double edge sword usually doing better than bad. The side effects from the painkillers used to be very minimal; for example the common side effects were drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, but since the world is a constantly developing place new painkillers are constantly being developed and so are their side effects” ("Types of Pain Medications on RxList.com." RxList. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 May 2014.’). Not only are the side effects becoming worst, but people are becoming severely addicted to them and in some cases their addiction is lethal and not only kills them, but it can also tear a family apart or put a family in great financial debt because of one person addiction. Now when something that been created to do good starts to be questioned whether it’s actually still good or not is major problem majority of the time.