Antimicrobial Resistance

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Recommended: Literature review on antibiotic resistance

Introduction Since the beginning of the antibiotic error in the mid 20th century, antimicrobial resistance has been recognized. The increased use of antimicrobial agents in the recent years has resulted in the development of resistance to these drugs. Clinical threats have however been minimized by the availability of newer agents (Bonomo & Tolmasky 2007). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines antimicrobial resistance as the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial medicine to which it was previously sensitive (WHO 2012). A variety of resistance mechanisms have been developed by bacteria to counter the introduction of successive classes of antibiotics. This has lead to heightened interest in the study of antimicrobial resistance from various angles. Areas mainly addressed include; mechanisms underlying this resistances, improved resistance detection methods in case of their occurrence, alternative treatment of the infections caused by resistant organisms, and lastly strategies to prevent and minimize the emergency and spread of resistance (Vincent 2011). The history of β-lactamases since the 1965 discovery of the TEM has clearly indicated how microbial world keeps pace with technical advances. The emergence and dissemination of new opportunistic pathogens derives real clinical needs for new antimicrobial antibiotics. Metallo β-lactamases (MBLs) have been found to be the most versatile enzymes with their ability to convert the host into almost total β-lactam unsusceptibly. Β-lactam antibiotics; the most favoured agents used in Gram negative sepsis is unable to treat infections by such organisms (Raghunath 2010). The enzyme New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) in particular confers resistance to the clinically impo... ... middle of paper ... ...sser, W. W., and Bachmann, K. A., 2009. Pharmacology: Principles and Practice. Salt Lake City: Academic Press. Kumarasamy, K., Toleman, M. A., Walsh, T. R., et al. 2010. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study, Lancet Infectious Diseases, [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 9 March 2012]. Raghunath, D. 2010. New metallo-β-lactamase NDM-1, Indian J Med Res 132, [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 10 March 2012]. Vincent, J. L., 2011. Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2011. London: Springer. WHO, 2012. Antimicrobial Resistance: Factsheet N*194. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 10 March 2012].

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