Food and energy security have always been essential needs in various ways. This is due to their limited resources and their increasing demand by a growing human population [1, 2, 3]. At the same time demands of ethanol has been increasing since it is considered to be an alternative transportation energy source other than food consumption [4, 5]. Considerable attention has been given to ethanol production from various available sugar substrates such as molasses, sugar cane juice [6]; starchy materials like rice, millet, corn, sorghum, wheat, potato, cassava [3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10]; as first generation ethanol and cellulosic materials as second generation ethanol [11]. Pearl millet, broken rice and sorghum are the major starchy materials used by Indian distilleries not only for the production of potable alcohol [12] but also for the fuel purpose (http://www.icrisat.org/text/research/grep/homepage/sgmm/chapter12.pdf). Moreover, Indian distilleries use these raw materials based on their availability and cost since these are seasonal grains [12, 13].
The increasing price of crude oil and other fossil fuels have increased the interest in alternative fuel sources around the world [14, 15]. Fuel alcohol production from starch materials needs constant process improvement for meeting the economic payback by lowering the high price energy consumption and improvement in fermentation efficiency in order to be considered as a viable alternative to fossil fuel. At present, production costs for ethanol is INR 20 to 23 per liter from molasses based ethanol plant (1.0 INR = 0.0225683 USD), which is slightly higher than the Brazil using molasses (INR 14 to 16 per liter) [16]. The Indian distilleries seek technological alternatives that would lower cost and provide higher margins in order to compete with gasoline and other fossil fuels. For the molasses based industry with 100KL per day capacity will require 450KWH power, 1620 to 1800 KL water per day for molasses dilution; and cooling water requirement will be 1080 KL per day. For a plant of such capacity, 2.0 to 2.3 MT of steam for 1.0 KL of ethanol production is required. In India, due to limited availability of molasses, molasses alone is not sufficient to meet the growing ethanol needs of the country, especially for use as a biofuel. Furthermore, the government of India is aggressively promoting the concept of blending petrol (gasoline) with ethanol to reduce dependence on petrol, and about 500 million liters of ethanol would be required every year, even if 10% ethanol is blended with gasoline (http://www.
Cushman, Lynd, Nichols, Wyman. “Fuel Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass.” Science. March 1991. Vol 251 (4999):1321
Ethanol production was developed in hopes of severing our ties with fossil fuels in favor of alternative energy, such as biofuels. Although, VOCs emissions are released during production of ethanol in a factory, the quality of air is greatly improved when burning ethanol versus fossil fuels. Burning ethanol instead of fossil fuels reduces the amount of cancer-causing greenhouse gases that go into the atmosphere. Ethanol production ranks at the bottom of industrial water usage, but is still not out of the woods with the abundance of water usage needed in corn feedstock and ethanol manufacturing and processing facilities. Many acres of land are needed to grow corn crops, however, many corn farmers are successful in growing more corn on less acreage.
the nozzle by pulling the plunger back as far as it could go. We both
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to find the ideal conditions for carbon dioxide production in yeast. Determining the ideal conditions for carbon dioxide production would help Jim Baker bake his bread as fluffy as possible in a short amount of time.
In our Yeast Fermentation Experiment, my group and I investigated the optimal temperature and sucrose concentration for yeast fermentation. To test for the optimal temperature for yeast fermentation, we measured the amount of CO2 that was produced inside fermentation tubes that were heated to varying temperatures. By measuring which temperature produced the most CO2, we were able to determine that 60 degrees Celsius was the optimal temperature for yeast fermentation to occur. We tested for optimal sucrose concentration the same way we did for optimal temperature except we used varying amount of sucrose instead of varying temperatures. After this test we were able to conclude that 2 grams of sugar was the optimal sucrose concentration for yeast
more carefully and so I can get an idea of what's going to happen. I
This lab attempted to find the rate at which Carbon dioxide is produced when five different test solutions: glycine, sucrose, galactose, water, and glucose were separately mixed with a yeast solution to produce fermentation, a process cells undergo. Fermentation is a major way by which a living cell can obtain energy. By measuring the carbon dioxide released by the test solutions, it could be determined which food source allows a living cell to obtain energy. The focus of the research was to determine which test solution would release the Carbon Dioxide by-product the quickest, by the addition of the yeast solution. The best results came from galactose, which produced .170 ml/minute of carbon dioxide. Followed by glucose, this produced .014 ml/minute; finally, sucrose which produced .012ml/minute of Carbon Dioxide. The test solutions water and glycine did not release Carbon Dioxide because they were not a food source for yeast. The results suggest that sugars are very good energy sources for a cell where amino acid, Glycine, is not.
Biology Lab Report Investigating Alcoholic Fermentation and the Affects of Yeast on Dough. Aim: The aim was simply to investigate whether or not yeast had any effect on causing dough to rise when baked and to experiment with alcoholic fermentation (e.g. to see if it gave off carbon dioxide. Introduction: Following a few weeks of fermentation theory, groups of three to four were assigned and told to conduct a series of experiments involving the effects of fermentation. My group consisted of myself, Won Jin, Brendan and Sun-Ho and we chose to investigate alcoholic fermentation and the effects of yeast on dough, more specifically to see if yeast caused the dough to rise anyway.
Because living organisms are similar in their processes, they are all expected to uptake energy from their environments in order to perform biological work. Examples of such processes include cellular respiration and fermentation.In the experiment we performed, yeast served as an organism that in the presence of glucose,conducted fermentation to make chemical energy,in the process producing alcohol and carbon dioxide as products. The experiment that was conducted by the Biology class focused on the usage of a respirometer to measure the amount of CO2 produced by the fermentation of yeast in presence of glucose. The experiment proved to be concise and practiced a logical approach to showing how the sugars led to the yeast fermenting and producing CO2 levels in accord to the amount of yeast used.(Symbiosis,2016)
Ethanol can be made from many different plant sugars including starch and cellulose. Starch ethanol is the most common biofuel used in the world. It is made from kernels of corn, which is very easy to break down. This means that corn is very easily converted into ethanol. On the other hand, cellulose is not easily broken down into ethanol. Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants, and resembles plant armor. The cellulose combines with lignin, which makes plants woody. During the process of making ethanol from cellulose, the lignin has to be separated from the cellulose because it is not fermentable. Figure 1 shows the complications of making cellulosic ethanol vs. other biofuels. The question marks indicate where the technology hasn’t
When we say ethanol production we are referring to the use of ethanol as a hybrid fuel for automobiles. What hybrid fuels means is that instead of running a car solely off of ethanol or gasoline alone, ethanol is actually blended in with standard fuel grade gasoline to create the ethanol fuel hybrid. Ethanol is derived from alcohol; it is a grain alcohol that is typically broken down from corn, although it can be obtained by other means such as Brazilian sugar cane, wheat, barley and potatoes (West). The way ethanol is created, according to Larry West in an article titled How is Ethanol made, is by fermenting plant sugars from photosynthesis, treating them with enzymes followed by then inserting tiny microbes to feed on the sugar that will finally b...
...her combination of intoxicant. There are several better plants to use, sugar cane and algae all produce far more ethanol than corn does. Keep in mind that running on electric sometimes is better than running on gas all of the time, But to see for yourself go down to the car dealership and ask for yourself.
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is perennial herb plants belongs to Poaceae family, and has been widely cultivated on tropical and subtropical regions globally. Sugarcane is genetically complex crop that possesses highly variable chromosome number (octaploid; x = 10; 8x = 80). Being highly cross pollinated in nature, this crop requires specific, hot and humid climate for flowering (Gill et al, 2006). It is mainly propagated vegitatively by stem cutting and it gives many tillers at the bottom of the stool. Although the major industries are found in Brazil, China and India, the crop is also commercially produced in many other countries, including Ethiopia. Sugar cane has been 1.71 billion tones cane production and 71.7 tones/ha yield in 23.9 million hectares in the World; 89.594 million tones cane production and 56.81 tones/ha yield in 1.577 million hectares in Africa and also 2.4 million tone cane production and 126.9 tones/ha yield in 19000 hectares in Ethiopia (FAOSTA, 2012). In Ethiopia average annual sugar production is 300, 000 tons which covers only 60% country`s domestic consumption, the difference 40% covers from abroad importation (ESC, 2013.http://www.etsugar.gov.et/en/ products/product-types.html).The annual per capital sugar consumption in the world, Africa and Ethiopia is 24.3, 16.06 and 5.5kg/year respectively (ISO, 2012). It is a high valued cash crop and exclusive source of 75% world sugar production (Lakshmanan et al, 2006 and FAO, 2004). This multipurpose crop is mainly cultivated for its sweet stem. It also provides many by-products for bio-factory such as alcohol, butanol, acetic acid, plywood, industrial enzymes, animal feed and paper besides, sugar and energy (Garcia et al, 2007). Undou...
Extensive variety of cereals are utilized for brewing fermented beverages. Cereals, for example, Sorghum (sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench), millets (pearl and finger millets (Pennisetum glaucum (L) and Eleusine coracana) and maize (Zea mays (L.) are regularly utilized in Africa for producing a wide assortment of drinks [40].
Among various options available for bio-energy, bio-diesel, bio-ethanol and biomass gasification are three major options, which have huge potential in India to develop as energy sources and where investments made would be economical. The objective of this Business Plan is to review the option of electricity generation through the use of biomass energy.