The process of developing two post conflict societies (Afghanistan vs. Rwanda)
Introduction
Mainly most of the analyses are restricted to fragile states, those states that have been highly vulnerable to serious forms of internal aggression including civil wars.
There have been more than 220 armed conflicts all over the world from 1946 to 2001. In general it includes about more than 140 civil wars, causing the death of about 20 million people and displacing about 67 million (Panić, n.d.) . As a result of combine interstates the number is even higher today; internal wars are in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan. Because civil wars are not the only form of systematized violence and aggregation, the human costs of armed conflicts are better than data suggestion. Violence, organized crime, coup and even genocide has taken place in many countries such as Rwanda and Afghanistan.
Rwanda and Afghanistan are the two post conflict societies which have been struggling to be stabilized and peaceful so that they may go towards development. Both the countries have been through a huge unrest and war. After the wars have come to an end with the help of international community, both countries have got their constitution and established new governments. Though some people believe that the war in Afghanistan is ended, the situation shows that it is still not peaceful as different groups of insurgents, supported by the neighboring countries like Pakistan, Iran and Tajikistan, still operate terrorist activities in order to over through the government or at least destabilize the country. After the collapse of the Taliban regime, an undemocratic interim government was established with the promise that as...
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...ecord of corruption, where Afghanistan stands first. The reason why Rwanda has recovered very soon is the strict laws they had legislated about corruption and wrongdoing. The stricter the laws get the more people will try to stay on the right track. . . . . . . . . . . .
Works Cited
Anon., n.d. Afghanistan Govenment. [Online]
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan
Anon., n.d. constituton of Afghanistan. [Online]
Available at: https://www.cimicweb.org/cmo/afg/Documents/Governance/Afghanistan_Corruption_Volume.pdf
Anon., n.d. Local government system in Rwanda. [Online]
Available at: https://law.wustl.edu/WUGSLR/CitationManual/countries/rwanda.pdf
Anon., n.d. local government system in Rwanda. [Online]
Available at: https://law.wustl.edu/WUGSLR/CitationManual/countries/rwanda.pdf
Panić, M., n.d. POST-CONFLICT COUNTRIES: AID EFFECTIVENESS.
The analysis of the genocides that took place both in Rwanda and Sudan’s Darfur region exhibit some similarities as well as differences. The character of violence was similar in both cases, but in Rwanda the violence was more intense, participatory, and extraordinary. The violence in these two places took place in an environment that had experienced civil wars. It was a period of political transition which was further aggravated by ethnic nationalism and a conflict of ethnic populations that were living in close proximity. However, in the Rwandan genocide, the state is more centralized, compact, and effective. This is what explains the intensity and variation. The international response to these genocides through observers emphasized on using the genocide label to create domestic constituencies especially in the Rwandan case.
... war on the other hand wasn’t a corrupt government it had mostly to do with the conflicts of the two main ethnic groups. After the Belgian colonization more than 100,000 Tutsis fled to the surrounding countries, due to violence and reprisal between the two groups. Then in 1990 the RPF(Rwandan Patriotic Front) a group existing mostly of Tutsi refugees that fled over thirty years ago invaded Rwanda. In 1990 political tension came up, also due to the bad harvest, following the bad weather that year. The war stopped in August 1993. Then another short term effect occurred when president Habyarimana's jet was shot down killing all passengers, including the president. President Habyarimana returned home after negotiations in Dar es Salaam, and the Hutus suspected the Tutsis of the President's assassination. That was the beginning of the three month long Rwandan genocide.
For developing regions, Latin America and Africa are a few of the focal countries to analyze civil war onset and for future preventions. Cuba, now a communist state underwent political turmoil from leaders like Fidel Castro to achieve its present government. Nigeria, a prominent oil powerhouse also faced ethnic conflict stemming from its diverse population. Both countries are still susceptible to future conflicts, but learning from their own history could easily prevent it from happening.
In April of 1994 the African nation of Rwanda was involved in a civil war between two of its major ethnicities, the Hutu and the Tutsis. Almost overnight, a state-sponsored genocidal campaign took the lives of nearly 800,00 Rwandans while the international community turned a blind eye. In Ghosts of Rwanda we saw the stories of the individuals who failed to act at the hands of international organizations, those who stood up with hope and tried to save lives, and those who survived through the massacre and lived to tell their stores.
"Recovery after the Rwandan Genocide. Ideas and Events Which Are Shaping Rwanda's History and Its People." Recovery after the Rwandan Genocide. Ideas and Events Which Are Shaping Rwanda's History and Its People. N.p., Dec.-Jan. 2014. Web. 09 Apr. 2014
Africa has been an interesting location of conflicts. From the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea to the revolutionary conflict in Libya and Egypt, one of the greatest conflicts is the Rwandan Genocide. The Rwandan Genocide included two tribes in Rwanda: Tutsis and Hutus. Upon revenge, the Hutus massacred many Tutsis and other Hutus that supported the Tutsis. This gruesome war lasted for a 100 days. Up to this date, there have been many devastating effects on Rwanda and the global community. In addition, many people have not had many acknowledgements for the genocide but from this genocide many lessons have been learned around the world.
“Beginning on April 6, 1994, Hutus began slaughtering the Tutsis in the African country of Rwanda. As the brutal killings continued, the world stood idly by and just watched the slaughter. Lasting 100 days, the Rwanda genocide left approximately 800,000 Tutsis and Hutu sympathizers dead” (Rosenberg 1). When Rwanda’s President, Habyrimana, was killed in a plane crash, turmoil and massacres began. A series of events escalated violence until two ethic groups were engaged in bloody battle: The Hutus and the Tutsis. Throughout the Rwandan Genocide, the Tutsis were targeted because the death of President Habyrimana and problems in social and economic life was blamed in them, thus resulting in the 100-day genocide.
The history of Rwanda is very interesting. Rwanda is located in East Africa, in East africa people were not treated as equal. Today eastern africa is way different from how it is now. Back int the 1996s the africans faced many problems. Some of the problems include how the Tutsi people were treated and also how the Hutu people. Genocide was a big problem in Rwanda.
...then analyzed the different social, economic, and political characteristics of each country that has either experienced or was close to experiencing a civil war. As a result, Collier and Hoeffler were able to conclude (Collier 2010, p.123-124) “that low-income countries are more likely to have outbreaks of civil war”. Therefore, one can see that, although the causes of civil war have been extensively studied by other academic disciplines, Collier’s statistical approach offers a new qualitative perspective to the topic. Furthermore, Collier’s use of economic methods of analysis helps to support the legitimacy of his main arguments, as well as strengthens the view that the book is well-rounded and well-researched.
The Rwandan Genocide. A horrible nightmare for many nations, but mainly for Rwanda. After a potential peace treaty going south, the Hutus, viciously murdered close to 1 million Tutsi. The United Nations and the United States stayed out of Rwanda in fear that another Somalia may take place. This paper is taking a look at the sociological ways that explain the chain events. In the tragedy of Rwanda, there have been different sayings of what was the official cause. In this particular case with the Rwandan Genocide the political aspect, the racial divide, and the theory of conflict are the main causes of this genocide.
When the government becomes weak, people look for others to lead them. Political transitions can sometimes unintentionally lead to civil wars. The unintended outcomes of democratic transitions can lead to massive tension between groups of people. The weakness of political intuitions provides people with the opportunity to take advantage and seize power. There has been an increasing trend in civil wars post World War Two, and this will likely continue to be an issue in the future. Civil wars have become increasing prevalent in Africa. This can specifically be seen in Rwanda between the Hooties and Tooties. The tension between the two groups can be attributed to primordalsim, but the war itself was able to take place because the government was too weak to stop it from happening. Additionally, when a country has a lack of resources, and resources are not allocated properly, groups of people will fight over them. Without government intervention, different ethnic and social groups have the ability to wage war and fight other groups in order to secure both power and
In the past ten years the Afghan Government has been dealing with a number of issues that have caused problems for the country, problems such as illegal drug trade, terrorism and violence. But nowadays they are fighting a problem that has long existed between people, and quite recently has taken a whole new aspect to it. Ethnic conflict is the destructive factor that has caused problems between people for generations, often leading to fights, outbreak of violence and grudge between different ethnicities.
Jarvenpaa, M. (2013). Making Peace in Afghanistan: The Missing Political Strategy. United States Institute for Peace, Peace brief, 3-9.
Middleton, John. "Rwanda." Africa: an Encyclopedia for Students. Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. Print.
Political instability and the menace of conflict is still a powerful deterrent to economic growth and poverty reduction. The assassination of the presidents of Burundi and Rwanda in 1993 sparked an ethnic clash and genocide in R...