Advancements in tissue engineering have introduced a number of promising methods to repair large bone defects. Technology used, to date, in such efforts have involved autografts and allografts. These methods have severe limitations and associated risks and have, thus, fueled research efforts to find more efficient methods of healing. Tissue engineering uses methodology from materials engineering and life sciences to design replacement devices with similar morphology and function for injured tissues leading to tissue repair. In their publication, Peng et al. have discussed a “three-dimensional scaffold attached with specific cells cultured in vitro or in vivo for a certain period, subsequently delivered to the desired site for the purpose of tissue repair.” Scaffold research for repair of large bone defects is important due to the need for a better understanding of the various cells, signal molecules, and tissues required for a prospective application. The ideal scaffold designed for osteogenesis should have properties that mimic those of natural bone, where the average size of pores is around 1 mm and porosity makes up 50-90% of the bone. Interconnected pores are also vital for in-growth of tissue into the porous body, as they allow for nutrients and oxygen to be transported to cells and for waste to be removed from cells. In the study conducted by Peng et al., a scaffold was designed to engineer large bone tissue in vivo. It is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) spherules and a porous HA tube coated with poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA). Uniformity of particle size is an important aspect of engineering a scaffold, and HA spherules are used because they can be mixed with biological substances; this better fulfills the need for un...
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...f 4-5 cm in length and 1-1.5 cm in diameter. This scaffold consisted of HA spherules in order to best accommodate the engineering of large bone tissue in vivo. It was also constructed into tubes and discs with interconnected pores that allowed for cell proliferation and differentiation. The interconnected pores also greatly allowed for vascularization. Scaffold porosity was found to vary based on changes in porosity and dimensions of the spherules. The scaffolds also contained a layer of PLA to enhance their strength and mechanical properties.
Works Cited
Q. Peng, F. Jiang, P. Huang, S. Zhou, J. Weng, C. Bao, C. Zhang and H. Yu, "A Novel Porous Bioceramics Scaffold by Accumulating Hydroxyapatite Spherules for Large Bone Tissue Engineering in vivo. I. Preparation and Characterization of Scaffold," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, p. 10, 2009.
... The advanced technology of surface modification in the biomedical sector have the ability to offer not an improvement in the tribological properties only but also to improve the clinical requirements prior and post implantation. Such properties includes cell growth and antibacterial effect.
Some ceramics are used in orthopaedic applications such as bone repair, bone augmentation and joint replacement but their use in this field is not as extensive or widespread as metals and polymers because ceramics have poor fracture toughness. This severely limits the use of ceramics in load bearing applications (Davis, 2003).
With this formation, articular cartilage can be found at the ends of our joints, like our knee, for cushion, and it allows for our joints to move without discomfort. Then we have the inside of our bone, which is hollow and allows for blood vessels to penetrate and provide nutrients. Previously referred to in this letter as spongy bone tissue, this tissue has a lattice-like pattern. What may be easier to think of would be your favorite waffle fries from Chik-Fil-A! It is strong, but not as tough as our other type of bone tissue, compact bone tissue. Compact bone covers the spongy bone and provides a tough exterior for one main function: protection. You can think of compact bone as spongy bone’s protector. This is the outer bone that you felt when you were coating the chicken
The human body endures a great deal of wear and injury during its lifetime. It is for this reason that the body has several tissues that are capable of regeneration. Bone is one of those tissues that receives extensive use so it is necessary that it is strong in order to carry out its functions; however, it will occasionally face injury. Although our bones are capable of regeneration, a new method would help the elderly and others that have a more difficult time healing after injury. I viewed a “TED Talk” lecture, which discussed a new way of regenerating bone with the help of our own bodies. Molly Stevens, the head of a biomaterials lab, presented “A New Way to Grow Bone” where she discussed a new technique called “in vivo bioreactor”. She also answered why this new procedure is beneficial. Researchers like Stevens are constantly trying to find innovative new techniques and they do this by asking questions. The question that Stevens presented in the video was an intriguing one: “Can we recreate the regeneration of bone on demand and transplant it?”.
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) plays an important role in treating bone diseases related to osteoporosis and other orthopedic treatments. Although several methods are used in orthopedic surgery, some bone transport methods such as autografting and allografting have a certain number of disadvantages. Both are expensive methods and they can be exposed to infections and diseases. Therefore, in stead of using these potential risky methods, bone tissue engineering process are used to treat in orthopedic treatments. In general, both tissue engineering and bone tissue engineering have major constituents including stem cells, scaffold, bioreactors and growth factors.
Osteoporosis, which means “porous bone, ” is a disease of weak and brittle bones.(nof 1) Osteoporosis makes bone mineral density loss. In a result, the possibility of fracture is increased because the bone is fragile. The size or volume of the bone is same, however, the mass of bone runs low on. This condition is the sympt...
Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during the formation of the flat bones of the skull, as well as the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles. The bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue. Stem cells, mesenchymal initiate the process of intramembranous ossification. A small cluster of mesenchymal cells will begin to replicate and form a group of cells called a nidus. Once the nidus is created the mesenchymal cells will no long replicate within. Certain mesenchymal cells will offset into osteoblasts, which line up around the surface of a spicule (bony matrix) and secrete osteoid increasing its size. Once trapped within the bone matrix osteoid transform into osteocyte that occupies a chamber called a lacuna. As this growth continues the spicules become trabeculae. With the continuing growth, trabeculae become interconnected and woven bone is then formed. This network of trabeculae can also be referred to as primary spongiosa. Forming around the periosteum, osteogenic cells originate which then increase the growth and a bone collar form. Eventually the woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone. Intramembranous ossification is also an essential process for healing of bone as
In order for bone formation to occur, osteoblasts must create new collagenous and non-collagenous substance, for the matrix while also monitoring mineralization of the matrix by ensuring proper calcium and phosphate deposits (22). They also produce high amounts of type 1 collagen, whose purpose is to fill the hollow parts of the bone made during the resorption phase. Throughout this process, various osteoblasts become embedded within the bone matrix, and become osteoclasts (23).
Tissue engineering can join the list of medical advances that science-fiction movies beat reality to. This component of regenerative medicine is one of the newest and most intriguing aspects of medicine and is guaranteed to enhance the quality of health care universally.
Since human recognize the material, biomaterials have had initial development. As early as 3500 BC, the ancient Egyptians used sutures made of cotton fiber or horse hair, and in 16th century gold plate was used to repair jaw bone and ceramic materials were used to make dedendum, and so on. With the development of medicine and materials science, especially the success of the research and development of new materials, such as the rapid development of polymer materials in the 1940s provides a great opportunity for the research and application of biomaterials. It could be said that in addition to the brain and most
...ular Metal. It contains pores, the size of which makes this material very good for bone in-growth. In addition, Trabecular Metal has an elastic nature which aids bone remodeling.
After new bone tissue has been built, the remaining osteoblasts that don’t become cell lining become osteocytes. Osteocytes direct mineral deposits and send osteoclasts to repair any damaged bone
Our body’s skeletal system could be considered the ‘infrastructure’ of the human body consisting of 206 bones along with a network of ligaments and cartilage to connect them all. This system performs vital functions to the survival of the body, and over time, it too deteriorates just like any other living thing. One of the most common diseases of the bone
The bone graft field is huge as millions of surgeries are needed throughout the human population every year. This medical procedure is used to replace missing bone or repair a fracture or break by placing a new bone at the spot to stimulate new cell growth. Because of disadvantages to the current procedures used, researchers have been trying to develop new bone graft products, such as special proteins, ceramics, and sea coral. Coral is a great option because it’s exceptionally similar to human bones and holds great potential to be used in bone grafts.
The field of regenerative medicine encompasses numerous strategies, including the use of materials and de novo generated cells, as well as various combinations thereof, to take the place of missing tissue, effectively replacing it both structurally and functionally, or to contribute to tissue healing[29]