Psychology Timeline
1. 1802--The first tri-chromatic theory of color vision produced by Thomas Young.
2. 1848--Accident of Phineas Gage happens and influences psychology studies of memory.
3. 1859--Darwin published his ideas in his writing the Origin of Species.
4. 1861--The left side of the hemisphere was named after Broca, the scientist who worked on a patient with a language disorder.
5. 1879--First psychology laboratory was created at the University of Leipzig in Germany.
6. December 1879--Psychology was officially born as a new branch of science.
7. 1879--Wilhelm Wundt founded the fist psychology laboratory.
8. 1885--Herman Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on forgetting, he made and memorized a list of 13 nonsense syllables and then saw how long he could remember them for.
9. 1898--E.L. Thorndike works with the power of consequences and behaviors caused
10. 1900–Freud publishes his book The Interpretation of Dreams
11. 1917--Freud established the technique of psychoanalysis and the basis for it.
12. 1920--John B. Watson does the experiment on little Albert to show learned behavior.
13. 1925- Lewis Terman conducted a study on children using IQ test, and the gifted children both gifted in social and academics.
14. 1927--Ivan Pavlov does his work with the classical conditioning on dogs.
15. 1938--B.F Skinner develops and explains the concept of operant conditioning.
16. 1938--B.F Skinner explained that he believes what people do is based on action and behavior.
17. 1956- Benjamin Whorf argued language determines the way we think.
18. 1957--James Vicary used people’s subliminal perception to increase the selling rate of popcorn and coke at a movie theater.
19. 1960--George Von Bekesy studied the ef...
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...adolescence and among his most contribution to psychology.
57. 1977- Hay flick’s came with cellular_colck theory.
58. 1994- Stanley Rapaport compared brains of younger and older people involved in same tasks.
59. 1978- Daniel Levinson publishes The Season of a Man’s life.
60. 1966- Masters and Johnson observed, measured physiological responses.
61. 1948- Kinsey started research in several behavior.
62. 1954- Maslow proposed Hierarchy of needs.
63. 1927- Walter cannon present alternative physiologically based of emotion.
64. 1962- Stanley Schechter developed two factor theories of emotions.
65. 1983- Ekman conducted research on facial expression related to the behavior or emotion of person.
66. 2004- Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough conducted number of studies demonstrating ways of being grateful led to enhancement of happiness and psychological well-being.
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American psychologist B.F. Skinner 1904-1990, developed social process theory he studied behaviorism, which included responses to environmental stimuli and the controlled scientific study of response. This study was termed operant conditioning created through both social and non-social reinforcements. Most learning of criminal behavior occurs in social interactions with other people (B.F. Skinner).
The current practices of the clinical and counselling psychological streams are not entirely dissimilar as both are concerned with the application of psychotherapy, education, research, and instruction (Mayne, Norcross, & Sayette, 2000; Norcross, 2000). Clinical psychology is primarily concerned with the assessment, treatment, and study of populations who experience severe mental illness (Bechtoldt, Campbell, Norcross, Wyckoff, & Pokrywa, 2000; Norcross, 2000) clinical psychologists mostly employ behavioral and psychoanalytic theoretical orientations when treating clients (Norcross, 2000). In contrast, counselling psychologists generally aim to support people who, while not typically suffering from severe mental illness, need assistance in overcoming the emotions associated with traumas such as loss of employment, marital dissatisfaction, loss of friend or family member, addiction (Geldard & Geldard, 2012; Gladding, 2013). Primarily they employ client-centered and humanistic methods of theoretical orientation (Geldard & Geldard, 2012; Gladding, 2013; Norcross, 2000).
Gladwell discusses a study done by Lewis Terman, a psychology professor at Stanford University. Based on IQ tests given to elementary school level students all around California, Terman selected the brightest students to track and analyze, These students were known as the “Termites.”
The paranoia of subliminal advertising unsurprisingly begins in the 1950s at the origin of the television age, although the first claims about its use involve the broadcast of subliminal messages at movie theaters. The book, The Hidden Persuaders, written by, Vance Packard is responsible for bringing subliminal advertising to the public’s attention in 1957.The book mentions experiments undertaken by an advertising executive, James Vicary. Vicary apparently tested subliminal advertising in theaters by flashing the messages “ Eat Popcorn” and “Drink Coke” on the screen for a fraction of a second. In conclusion to the experiment, Vicary claimed an 18 percent increase in sales of Coke and a 58 percent rise for popcorn, which led to the acceptance of the reality of the effectiveness of subliminal advertising, however, leading to a fear that th...
The field of psychology is a discipline, originated from many branches of science. It has applications from within a complete scope of avenues, from psychotherapy to professional decision-making. The flexibility and versatility of this field reflects its importance and demands in-depth analysis. Psychology was a division of philosophy until it developed independent scientific disciplines. The history of psychology was a scholarly study of the mind and behavior that dates back to the beginning of civilization. There are important details from previous theory psychologist, research have contributed to behaviorism approaches and have contributed towards specific current behavioral practices. Contemporary behavior therapy began to emerge into distinct practical and core learning theories concerning the needs and knowledge engaging cultural and professional differences.
Its practice has been seen to be efficacious in healing and improving the quality of life of many people. Whether in terms of enhancing mental health or preventing illness, gratitude is one of life’s vitalizing ingredients. Clinical trials indicate that the practice of gratitude can have dramatic and lasting positive effects on a person’s life. It can lower blood pressure, improve immune function, promote happiness and well being, and spur acts of helpfulness, generosity and cooperation (Emmons & Stern, 2013). Emmons and Stern (2013) from their experiments, assert that gratitude has one of the strongest links to mental health and life satisfaction in any personality trait, more so than even optimism hope or compassion. They maintain that people who experience gratitude can cope more effectively with everyday stress, show increased resilience in the face of trauma-induced stress, recover more quickly from illness, and enjoy more robust physical health.
B.F. Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, a small town where he spent his childhood. He was the first-born son of a lawyer father and homemaker mother who raised him and his younger brother. As a young boy, Skinner enjoyed building and used his imaginative mind to invent many different devices. He spent his college years at Hamilton College in New York to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in writing. Following his graduation in 1926, Skinner explored writings of Pavlov, Russell, and Watson, three influential men in the field of behavioral psychology. After two years as a failed writer, Skinner applied to Harvard University to earn his Ph.D. in psychology.
Some people work hard their whole life to achieve success and others just seem to be born talented in a certain field that they prevail in. One of the ways an individual can attempt to become successful is by working diligently in school to obtain a proper education. Access to advanced education is key if you would want to become very intelligent and furthermore the so called “gifted programs” in these advanced education systems are supposed to make you even smarter.People have wondered if going through gifted programs would make you more successful in your adult life.There was a man named Richard Terman, who wanted to take a group of kids in these gifted programs, his “Termites”, and track how successful they were later in life. He was hoping to find that the kids that were in advanced classes would in fact become very successful adults and he was right. When his Termites were adults many of them became experts in different fields. Terman measured the success of the chosen people by looking at awards they have achieved and all of the writings that they have published and the amount of these achievements was fairly
Lewis Terman created the IQ tests that many schools used to test student’s intellect capacity. This test caused many students to only be taught how to work in factories rather than learning material that could get them into better careers.
The term psychology has many meanings to different people, even to those who work within the psychological field. The word psychology derives from two Greek roots; 'psyche' refers to 'soul' or 'mind' and logo refers to 'the study of'. A more update definition of the word psychology can be found from Atkinson, et al (1991) “The scientific study of behaviours and mental processes.” However on Google Definitions the definition of psychology is “the mental characteristics and attitudes of a person” [accessed 16 September 2011], which gives somewhat of a contradiction. In this assignment I will be outlining and evaluating four key psychological perspectives. The psychological perspectives I have chosen are the behavioural approach, biological approach, cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach.
The cognitive revolution in psychology was a period during the 1950’s and 1960’s which involved radical changes to two major concepts in psychology which are consciousness and causality. It was also a period that saw to the abolishment of traditional science values of dichotomy and the worship of atomisation in science, replacing reductive micro deterministic views of personhood with holistic top-down view (Overskeid, 2008)
The notion of subliminal advertising grew within the 1950's. A man named James Vicary who inserted subliminal messages in movies "sparked the first large-scale subliminal scare, and his projections into the subconscious, though never documented or replicated, are still frequently cited as "evidence" of the insidious power of subliminals." (Subliminal Survives) Although sales of cola increased 18% and sales pf popcorn increased 58%, Vicary later downplayed the effectiveness of subliminal advertising due to the small amount of research he had collected from it.
...cience and human genetics concerned with human learning, memory, and intellectual developments which have implications in gifted education.
In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology,
... (2001) showed that grateful individuals were especially appreciative of the contribution of others to their happiness. Expressing gratitude and reviewing three good things highlighted this, and reminded me to show my loved ones my gratitude.