The Indian state of Odisha, formerly known as Orissa, is located on the eastern coast of India. It is surrounded on one side from the Bay of Bengal and on the other side shared its borders from many other Indian states like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The modern state of Orissa was established in the year 1st April, 1936 and it was on 13th April, 1948 that Bubneshwar got selected as the state’s capital replacing Cuttack. In order to go about talking about formulating a sustainable livelihood policy for Odisha considering its inherent natural resources and impending climate change we need to start from the state’s bounty of natural resources and its topography. This would further our discussion towards the much more significant and important issue to be looked into in the coming pages.
1.Physical Aspects
As we all know that India has been divided into 15 agro-climatic zones. This has been done to help in proper agricultural planning on the basis of these zones. The basic fundamental reason for their division is “the soil type, climate including temperature and rainfall and its variation and water resource availability.” (Singh, 2013) . Parts of the state of Odisha lie in the East coast and hills region and Eastern plateau and hills region. In order to understand the state of Odisha better, we will now elaborate on those aspects which are influenced by these agro-climatic regions.
1.1 Location:
The state of Odisha is located in the eastern coast at 17 degree 49’ N-22 Degree 34’N and 81 Degree 29’E-87 Degree 29’E longitude. The state has a total area of 155707 sq. km.
1.2 Climate:
On the eastern coast of India, the state enjoys a tropical monsoon type of climate. It receives an annual average rainfall of about 200cm. The annual cyclones from the Bay of Bengal play a major role in influencing the climate in a big way and bring huge amounts of rainfall with two seasonal peaks, July-August and October-November. Also during the winter, all other parts remain almost dry except for Northern Odisha.
1.3 Population:
The state of Odisha is ranked at 11th position in terms of population in India. The census of Orissa 2011 was conducted in the state by the Census of India (A Govt. of India undertaking). Apart from other Population statistics, Literacy rate in Orissa has witnesses a major growth and has increased to 73.45 percent according to current Census data.
Sandikhola has a subtropical climate and receives on average 1400-2000mm of rain per year and has an average of 26oC. Sandikhola has a two-season year made up of the dry and wet seasons. The dry season runs from October to May and the wet season from June to September.
...ver in the northeast, and the Indus River Valley in the northwest. The Deccan Plateau in southern India, like most plateaus, is a barren land where only grass can grow. This caused the area to be populated by herders and the area never created a civilization due to a lack of agriculture, as well as Western and Eastern Ghats along the Deccan Plateau causing transportation in the region to be difficult.
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From October to February, winter monsoons from the northeast blow dry air westward across the country.
by the Helmand River. Down in Helmand Valley barley, corn, fruits and wheat are grown.
Dr. Anil kumar, Geological Survey of India, National Seminar on Sethusamudram Project and its Possible Impacts on Kerala Coast Report.
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The location of agriculture at all scales is the result of the interaction between physical, cultural and economic and behavioural factors.
Raman, Saroja. “Ch 7: Land Management for Sustainable Agriculture” Agricultural Sustainability: Principles, Processes, and Prospects. New York: The Haworth Press, Inc. 2006. 93-140.
The investigator projected the value of this indicator for Indian states/UTs by 2015 at their Rate of change in table 5.4. In figure 3 the expected values reveal that many of states would not attain this indicator by 2015. Uttaranchal would be the poorest performer in realizing this indicator. Manipur, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Delhi, Bihar, Rajasthan Gujarat and Jharkhand are those states, which would not reach the target by 2015.
Planetariums have long been playing a crucial role in refining the astronomical concepts of the people of India. The country now has fifty five planetariums. The highest number of planetariums, which is six, is in Gujarat, Maharashtra and West Bengal. Next to them are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh having four planetariums. Bihar and Assam have three planetariums, while Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Punjab and Telangana have two planetariums. Other states like Goa, Haryana, Manipur, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Sikkim have one planetarium. The states which do not operate any planetarium are ten, namely, Arunachal Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura
Van-Schendel, William. The Bengal Borderland; Beyond State and Nation in South Asia. London: Anthem Press,
With an area of about 144,000 sq. kilometers, Bangladesh occupies a unique geographic location spanning a stretch of land between the mighty Himalayan mountain chain to the north and the open ocean the south. The Ganges, Brahmaputra, the Meghna, and their networks are virtually the only drainage outlet for a vast river basin. The convergence of these three mighty rivers keeps Bangladesh and its people constantly on the verge of another big flood. The country is criss-crossed by a network of rivers and their tributaries numbering about 230. Silt deposited by these rivers during the rainy season results in the recurrence of floods almost every year. The three broad topographical regions are, flood plains, occupying about 80%; terraces about 8% and hills about 12% of the land area, which make at further sub-division into 20 generalized topographical units. Bangladesh has mai...
As agriculture has become more intensive, farmers have become capable of producing higher yields using less labour and less land. Growth of the agriculture has not, however, been an unmixed blessing. It, like every other thing, has its pros and cons. Topsoil depletion, groundwater contamination, the decline of family farms, continued neglect of the living and working conditions for farm labourers, increasing costs of production, and the disintegration of economic and social conditions in rural communities. These are the cons of the new improved agriculture.